5914766 1966 12 03 1966 12 03 2003 11 14

0036-8075 154 746 1966 Oct 14 Toxicity of aquatic herbicides to Daphnia magna. 289-91 Crosby D G DG Tucker R K RK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Science 0404511 0 Herbicides IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Fishes drug effects Herbicides toxicity Rats 6029684 1967 09 24 1967 09 24 2003 11 14

0017-9078 13 4 1967 Apr Factors influencing radiostrontium accumulation in Daphnia. 391-9 Porcella D B DB Rixford C E CE Slater J V JV eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Health Phys 2985093R 0 Strontium Isotopes 7439-95-4 Magnesium 7440-70-2 Calcium 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae Animals Calcium analysis Crustacea metabolism Kinetics Magnesium analysis Models, Theoretical Strontium Isotopes metabolism Water 5585869 1968 06 30 1968 06 30 2003 11 14

0028-1042 54 8 1967 Apr Temperature, food, and turbulence as natural determinants of cyclomorphosis in Daphnia. 207 Jacobs J J eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Naturwissenschaften 0400767 IM Animals Biometry Crustacea anatomy & histology Food Plankton anatomy & histology Temperature 5673686 1968 10 24 1968 10 24 2003 11 14

0022-0949 49 1 1968 Aug The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the survival of Daphnia magna. 61-70 Wells P N PN eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Crustacea Equipment and Supplies Temperature Ultrasonics 4905580 1970 03 27 1970 03 27 2003 11 14

0044-3794 103 4 1970 [Ultrastructure of the "optic nerve" and the ganglion opticum I of Daphnia pulex] 526-43 Wolff J R JR Güldner F H FH ger Journal Article Uber die Ultrastruktur des "Nervus opticus" und des Ganglion opticum I von Daphnia pulex.

GERMANY, WEST Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 7503955 IM Animals Axons cytology Fleas cytology Ganglia cytology Histological Techniques Microscopy, Electron Neurosecretion Optic Nerve cytology Receptors, Sensory cytology 5378549 1970 05 04 1970 05 04 2003 11 14

0066-1562 63 1969 [Morphology and function of the daphnia heart] 573-83 van der Zypen E E Castenholz A A ger Journal Article Zur Morphologie und Funktion des Daphnienherzens.

GERMANY, EAST Verh Anat Ges 7501276 0 Muscle Proteins IM Animals Basement Membrane Crustacea Heart anatomy & histology physiology Kymography Microscopy, Electron Mitochondria, Muscle Muscle Proteins Myocardium cytology Myofibrils 5493365 1971 02 27 1971 02 27 2003 11 14

0026-3656 39 4 1970 Jul-Aug [Experimental study of bacterial production in water and the consumption of bacteria by daphnia] 711-5 Romanenko V I VI rus Journal Article Eksperimental'noe issledovanie produktsii bakteriĭ v vode i vyedaniia ikh dafniiami.

USSR Mikrobiologiia 0376652 0 Penicillins 57-92-1 Streptomycin IM Animals Bacteria drug effects growth & development Crustacea drug effects metabolism Oxygen Consumption Penicillins pharmacology Streptomycin pharmacology Water Microbiology 5553981 1971 06 08 1971 06 08 2003 11 14

0006-3002 229 2 1971 Feb 16 Purification and properties of blood hemoglobin from the fresh-water cladocera, Moina macrocopa and Daphnia magna. 349-58 Sugano H H Hoshi T T eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Biochim Biophys Acta 0217513 0 Hemoglobins 14875-96-8 Heme 7439-89-6 Iron 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Centrifugation, Density Gradient Chemistry, Physical Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose Chromatography, Gel Crustacea Diffusion Electrophoresis Female Heme analysis Hemoglobins analysis isolation & purification Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Iron analysis Mathematics Molecular Weight Oxygen Spectrophotometry Ultracentrifugation Viscosity 5524123 1972 03 23 1972 03 23 2003 11 14

0375-8443 16 6 1970 [Bronchial asthma caused by Daphnia P] 242-5 Popescu I G IG Dragulescu I I Iota C G CG ger Journal Article Bronchialasthma hervorgerufen durch Daphnia.

GERMANY, EAST Allerg Asthma (Leipz) 0313664 0 Allergens IM Adult Allergens adverse effects Asthma diagnosis etiology Bronchial Spasm etiology Daphnia Eosinophils Female Human Male Middle Aged Rhinitis etiology Skin Tests 4109800 1972 04 07 1972 04 07 2003 11 14

0016-6480 18 1 1972 Feb [Staining properties of neurosecretory cells in Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladocera)] 140-5 Van den Bosch de Aguila fre Journal Article Les caractéristiques tinctoriales des cellules neurosécrétrices chez Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladoceral.

UNITED STATES Gen Comp Endocrinol 0370735 0 Benzopyrans 0 Carboxylic Acids 0 Disulfides 0 Glycols 0 Lipids 0 Rosaniline Dyes 0 Sulfonic Acids 7722-64-7 Potassium Permanganate 9005-79-2 Glycogen IM Animals Benzopyrans Carboxylic Acids analysis Daphnia anatomy & histology Disulfides Glycogen analysis Glycols analysis Histocytochemistry Lipids analysis Neurosecretory Systems cytology Potassium Permanganate Rosaniline Dyes Staining and Labeling Sulfonic Acids analysis 5062783 1972 06 11 1972 06 11 2003 11 14

0009-5915 36 2 1972 Karyologic observations on the maturation of the summer and winter eggs of Daphnia pulex and Daphnia middendorffiana. 193-203 Zaffagnini F F Sabelli B B eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Chromosoma 2985138R IM Animals Chromatids Chromosomes Cytogenetics Daphnia cytology Diploidy Female Genetics, Population Karyotyping Meiosis Ovum cytology Parthenogenesis Seasons 5146542 1972 06 27 1972 06 27 2000 12 18

0049-8610 17 10 1971 Oct [Effect of organochlorine pesticides on indicators of water pollution] 734-40 Zamfir G G Simona A A Filipiuc M M Alexa L L Melinte C C Gevät V V ger Journal Article Die Wirkung gewisser organo-chlorierter Pestizide auf die hygienisch-sanitären Indikatoren des Wassers.

GERMANY, EAST Z Gesamte Hyg 0420111 0 Hydrocarbons, Halogenated 0 Pesticides IM Algae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Hydrocarbons, Halogenated pharmacology Pesticides analysis pharmacology Phytoplankton drug effects Water Microbiology drug effects Water Pollution Water Pollution, Chemical 5038817 1972 08 25 1972 08 25 2003 11 14

0016-6723 19 2 1972 Apr Natural selection for enzyme variants among parthenogenetic Daphnia magna. 173-6 Hebert P D PD Ward R D RD Gibson J B JB eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Genet Res 0370741 0 Isoenzymes EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases IM Animals Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Disc Esterases analysis Genetics, Population Heterozygote Isoenzymes analysis Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Polymorphism (Genetics) 4626082 1972 09 29 1972 09 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 7 5 1972 May Biological magnification of a polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) from water by aquatic invertebrates. 257-63 Sanders H O HO Chandler J H JH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Biphenyl Compounds 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 0 Radioisotopes 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Animals Astacoidea Biological Assay Biphenyl Compounds metabolism Chlorine Chromatography, Gas Crustacea metabolism Culex Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Environmental Exposure Insects metabolism Isomerism Kinetics Larva Polychlorinated Biphenyls metabolism Radioisotopes Water Pollution Water Pollution, Chemical 5052703 1972 10 05 1972 10 05 2003 11 14

0033-8192 12 3 1972 May-Jun [Changes in the intensity of oxidative phosphorylation and catalase activity following irradiation of different types of invertebrates] 437-40 Kostromskaia V A VA rus Journal Article Izmenenie intensivnosti okislitel'nogo fosforilirovaniia i aktivnosti katalazy pri obluchenii razlichnykh vidov bezpozvonochnykh.

USSR Radiobiologiia 0401251 0 Cobalt Isotopes EC 1.11.1.6 Catalase IM Animals Catalase metabolism Cobalt Isotopes Cockroaches radiation effects Crustacea radiation effects Daphnia radiation effects Helminths radiation effects Leeches radiation effects Lice radiation effects Mollusca radiation effects Oligochaeta radiation effects Oxidative Phosphorylation radiation effects Platyhelminths radiation effects Radiation Effects 5055130 1972 10 19 1972 10 19 2003 11 14

0016-6731 71 4 1972 Aug Inheritance during parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. 639-42 Hebert P D PD Ward R D RD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases EC 3.1.3.1 Alkaline Phosphatase IM Alkaline Phosphatase analysis Animals Crosses, Genetic Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Disc Esterases analysis Female Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Male Parthenogenesis Phenotype Polymorphism (Genetics) Recombination, Genetic 5154362 1972 11 29 1972 11 29 2003 11 14

0300-8665 34 1971 [Endosulfan and the environment. Behavior of residues of endosulfan in water and then effect on organisms which live in water. (Report No 170-70 (B)] 85-93 Gorbach S S Knauf W W ger Journal Article endosulfan und Umwelt. Das Rückstandsverhalten von Endosulfan in Wasser und seine Wirkung auf Organismen, die im Wasser leben (Bericht nr. 170-70 (B.

GERMANY, WEST Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Pesticide Residues 115-29-7 Endosulfan IM Algae drug effects Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Endosulfan pharmacology Environmental Pollution Fishes analysis drug effects Fresh Water Insecticides, Organochlorine pharmacology Pesticide Residues analysis Water Microbiology Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 4677865 1972 12 04 1972 12 04 2003 11 14

0037-9085 65 1 1972 Jan-Feb [Ecologic and biologic observations of Bulinus forskalii, vector of Schistosoma intercalatum schistosomiasis] 138-45 Deschiens R R Vauthier C C Nordau C G CG fre Journal Article Observations écologiques et biologiques sur Bulinus forskalii vecteur de la bilharziose a Schistosoma intercalatum.

FRANCE Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 7503399 IM Algae, Green Animal Nutrition Animals Breeding Bulinus growth & development Daphnia Disease Vectors Ecology Fresh Water Nutritional Requirements Schistosomiasis 4628538 1973 01 09 1973 01 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 8 3 1972 Sep Effects of Aroclor 1242 (a polychlorinated biphenyl) and DDT on cultures of an alga, protozoan, daphnid, ostracod, and guppy. 129-37 Morgan J R JR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Culture Media 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 50-29-3 DDT IM Animals Biological Assay Carbon Isotopes Cell Count Chlamydomonas drug effects growth & development Chromatography, Gas Crustacea drug effects Culture Media DDT toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development Fishes Polychlorinated Biphenyls toxicity Tetrahymena drug effects growth & development 4509664 1973 03 15 1973 03 15 2003 11 14

0027-8424 70 1 1973 Jan Structure and development of neuronal connections in isogenic organisms: variations and similarities in the optic system of Daphnia magna. 57-61 Macagno E R ER Lopresti V V Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 IM Animals Daphnia cytology Eye cytology Genetics Morphogenesis Neural Pathways cytology Optic Nerve cytology Parthenogenesis Receptors, Sensory cytology Species Specificity Synapses cytology Visual Pathways cytology 4510287 1973 04 05 1973 04 05 2000 12 18

0027-8424 70 2 1973 Feb Structure and development of neuronal connections in isogenic organisms: cellular interactions in the development of the optic lamina of Daphnia. 433-7 Lopresti V V Macagno E R ER Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 IM Axons Cell Differentiation Cell Movement Daphnia embryology Microscopy, Electron Models, Biological Neural Pathways cytology embryology Optic Nerve cytology embryology Parthenogenesis Receptors, Sensory embryology 4688710 1973 04 26 1973 04 26 2000 12 18

0023-6853 22 2 1973 Feb Apparatus for semi-continuous culture of Daphnia. 114-5 Harvey A M AM eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Lab Pract 0376620 0 Culture Media IM Culture Media Daphnia growth & development 4573710 1973 06 29 1973 06 29 2003 11 14

0035-2454 36 3 1972 Apr-Jun [Further research on biological effects of flavacoumarins] 85-101 Boutibonnes P P Jacquet J J fre Journal Article Recherches complémentaires sur les effets biologiques des flavacoumarines.

FRANCE Rev Immunol (Paris) 7801127 0 Aflatoxins IM Aflatoxins pharmacology toxicity Animals Anura Bacillus drug effects Bacteriological Techniques Candida drug effects Cell Division drug effects Daphnia drug effects Metamorphosis, Biological drug effects Microbial Sensitivity Tests Rana temporaria drug effects Saccharomyces cerevisiae drug effects 4704566 1973 07 11 1973 07 11 2003 11 14

0091-6765 3 1973 Jan Toxicology of phthalic acid esters in aquatic organisms. 153-7 Mayer F L FL Jr Sanders H O HO eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Esters 0 Phthalic Acids IM Animals Astacoidea metabolism Carbon Isotopes Daphnia metabolism Environmental Exposure Esters toxicity Fishes metabolism Lethal Dose 50 Marine Biology Phthalic Acids metabolism toxicity Reproduction drug effects Salmonidae metabolism United States Water Pollution, Chemical 4145158 1973 07 17 1973 07 17 2003 11 14

0300-9688 222 1 1972 Oct Detection of orally toxic microbial metabolites in foods with bioassay systems. 96-114 de Waart J J van Aken F F Pouw H H eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 0331570 0 Aflatoxins 0 Botulinum Toxins 0 Endotoxins 0 Enterotoxins 0 Toxins 51-45-6 Histamine IM Aflatoxins Animals Bacteria metabolism Biological Assay Botulinum Toxins Cell Line Chick Embryo Daphnia drug effects Endotoxins Enterotoxins pharmacology Escherichia coli Fishes drug effects Food Analysis Food Inspection Food Microbiology Histamine pharmacology Human Insects drug effects Methods Protozoa drug effects Staphylococcus Toxins pharmacology 4711695 1973 08 10 1973 08 10 2003 11 14

0044-376X 74 2 1973 May [Kymography using the intravital microscope (microkymography)] 89-109 Castenholz A A ger Journal Article Kymographie mit dem Vitalmikroskop (Mikrokymographie.

GERMANY, WEST Microsc Acta 1306037 IM Amoeba Animals Cell Movement Chick Embryo Cilia Daphnia Epithelium physiology Eye Gastrointestinal Motility Heart physiology Kinetics Larva Male Mesentery physiology Methods Motion Pictures Mouth Mucosa physiology Movement Photomicrography instrumentation Rats Spermatozoa physiology Triturus 4198044 1973 09 13 1973 09 13 2003 11 14

0003-6072 39 2 1973 Netherlands Society for Microbiology meeting at Delft on 25 October 1972. Mycotoxins. 361-6 de Waart J J eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 0372625 0 Aflatoxins 0 Mycotoxins IM Aflatoxins biosynthesis isolation & purification toxicity Animals Aspergillus metabolism Aspergillus flavus metabolism Biological Assay Chromatography Daphnia drug effects Decapoda (Crustacea) drug effects Fishes drug effects Fusarium metabolism Mortality Mycotoxins biosynthesis toxicity Penicillium metabolism Species Specificity Spectrophotometry, Infrared 4721303 1973 10 02 1973 10 02 2003 11 14

0091-6765 4 1973 Jun Uptake and fate of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in aquatic organisms and in a model ecosystem. 27-34 Metcalf R L RL Booth G M GM Schuth C K CK Hansen D J DJ Lu P Y PY eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Esters 0 Phthalic Acids IM Animals Autoradiography Carbon Isotopes Chromatography, Thin Layer Culex metabolism Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Environmental Exposure Esters analysis metabolism Larva metabolism Marine Biology Models, Biological Phthalic Acids analysis metabolism Plants metabolism Snails metabolism 4124493 1973 10 02 1973 10 02 2003 11 14

0091-6765 4 1973 Jun Model ecosystem studies of the environmental fate of six organochlorine pesticides. 35-44 Metcalf R L RL Kapoor I P IP Lu P Y PY Schuth C K CK Sherman P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 2385-85-5 Mirex 309-00-2 Aldrin 50-29-3 DDT 58-89-9 Lindane 60-57-1 Dieldrin 72-20-8 Endrin 72-55-9 DDE 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Aldrin metabolism Algae, Green Animals Autoradiography Benzene Derivatives metabolism Carbon Isotopes Chlorine metabolism Chromatography, Thin Layer Culex DDE metabolism DDT metabolism Daphnia Dieldrin metabolism Ecology Endrin metabolism Environment Fishes Insecticides, Organochlorine metabolism Lindane metabolism Mirex metabolism Models, Biological Scintillation Counting Snails 4581877 1973 11 16 1973 11 16 2003 11 14

0081-1386 26 1972 Pressure and the rhythmic behaviour of inshore marine animals. 395-415 Naylor E E Atkinson R J RJ eng Journal Article Review

ENGLAND Symp Soc Exp Biol 0404517 IM Animals Atmospheric Pressure Brachyura Circadian Rhythm Daphnia Hydrostatic Pressure Light Male Marine Biology Mollusca Movement Plankton Pressure Seasons Temperature 44 4581878 1973 11 16 1973 11 16 2003 11 14

0081-1386 26 1972 The effects of pressure on organisms: a summary of progress. 473-82 Kitching J A JA eng Journal Article Review

ENGLAND Symp Soc Exp Biol 0404517 7727-37-9 Nitrogen 7732-18-5 Water IM Adaptation, Biological Anesthesia Animals Birds Crustacea Daphnia Electrocardiography Fishes Hydrostatic Pressure Mammals Nitrogen Plankton Pressure Tetrahymena Water 12 4745372 1973 12 16 1973 12 16 2003 11 14

0013-9351 6 1 1973 Mar Toxicity, residue dynamics, and reproductive effects of phthalate esters in aquatic invertebrates. 84-90 Sanders H O HO Mayer F L FL Jr Walsh D F DF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Esters 0 Phthalic Acids IM Animals Astacoidea Carbon Radioisotopes Crustacea Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Environmental Exposure Esters Invertebrates Marine Biology Phthalic Acids analysis metabolism toxicity Reproduction drug effects Scintillation Counting Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 4754411 1974 01 19 1974 01 19 2003 11 14

0022-104X 186 1 1973 Oct Phenotype variability of lactate dehydrogenase in Daphnia magna. 33-8 Herbert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Exp Zool 0375365 EC 1.1.1.27 L-Lactate Dehydrogenase EC 3.4 Peptide Hydrolases IM Animals Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis L-Lactate Dehydrogenase metabolism Peptide Hydrolases metabolism Phenotype Population Density Variation (Genetics) 4769158 1974 03 06 1974 03 06 2003 11 14

0065-2598 40 1973 Biological effects of heavy metal pollutants in water. 161-72 Hartung R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Adv Exp Med Biol 0121103 0 Metals 7439-92-1 Lead 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-47-3 Chromium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Algae drug effects Animals Bird Diseases chemically induced Birds Cadmium pharmacology toxicity Cats Chromium pharmacology toxicity Copper pharmacology toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fish Diseases chemically induced Fishes Lead toxicity Lead Poisoning veterinary Lethal Dose 50 Mercury Poisoning veterinary Metals toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical Zinc toxicity 4149293 1974 03 20 1974 03 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 10 6 1973 Dec The fate of dieldrin in a model ecosystem. 340-6 Sanborn J R JR Yu C C CC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 60-57-1 Dieldrin IM Algae Animals Biotransformation Brachyura Carbon Radioisotopes Clams Culicidae Daphnia Dieldrin metabolism Drug Stability Environment Fishes Models, Biological Plants Snails Time Factors 4669494 1974 04 29 1974 04 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 8 4 1972 Oct In vivo and in vitro epoxidation of aldrin by aquatic food chain organisms. 219-28 Khan M A MA Kamal A A Wolin R J RJ Runnels J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Ethers, Cyclic 309-00-2 Aldrin EC 1. Oxidoreductases IM Aedes metabolism Aldrin metabolism Algae metabolism Animals Astacoidea metabolism Cell Nucleus Chlorella metabolism Clams metabolism Crustacea metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ethers, Cyclic biosynthesis Hydra metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration In Vitro Insects metabolism Leeches metabolism Mastigophora metabolism Microsomes enzymology Mitochondria metabolism Oxidoreductases metabolism Protozoa metabolism Snails metabolism Turbellaria metabolism 4596728 1974 06 28 1974 06 28 2003 11 14

0096-7807 4 3 1974 Mar Production of zooplankton populations in fresh waters of the USSR. 224-32 Ivanova M B MB eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Sov J Ecol 0321347 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Crustacea growth & development Daphnia growth & development Ecology Plankton growth & development Seasons USSR Water 59 4524618 1974 07 31 1974 07 31 2003 11 14

0027-8424 71 4 1974 Apr Structure and development of neuronal connections in isogenic organisms: transient gap junctions between growing optic axons and lamina neuroblasts. 1098-102 Lopresti V V Macagno E R ER Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 IM Animals Axons Cell Differentiation Cell Division Daphnia embryology Desmosomes Intercellular Junctions Neurons cytology Optic Nerve cytology embryology Synapses 4152373 1974 10 07 1974 10 07 2003 11 14

0096-7807 4 4 1974 May Pathways of assimilation of dissolved organic matter by plankton organisms. 281-6 Petrova M A MA eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Sov J Ecol 0321347 0 Amino Acids 0 Carbohydrates IM Algae metabolism Amino Acids metabolism Animals Annelida metabolism Bacteria metabolism Carbohydrates metabolism Cnidaria metabolism Crustacea metabolism Daphnia metabolism Diffusion Ecology Mollusca metabolism Phytoplankton metabolism Plankton metabolism Turbellaria metabolism 42 4847154 1974 10 04 1974 10 04 2003 11 14

0016-6731 77 2 1974 Jun Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia magna. II. Genotypic frequencies in permanent populations. 323-34 Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases IM Animals Chromosome Mapping Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Environment Esterases analysis Gene Frequency Genotype Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Parthenogenesis Periodicity Polymorphism (Genetics) Variation (Genetics) 4847155 1974 10 04 1974 10 04 2003 11 14

0016-6731 77 2 1974 Jun Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia magna. 3. Genotypic frequencies in intermittent populations. 335-41 Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases IM Animals Chromosome Mapping Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Environment Esterases analysis Gene Frequency Genotype Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Parthenogenesis Periodicity Polymorphism (Genetics) Recombination, Genetic Variation (Genetics) 4212723 1974 12 10 1974 12 10 2003 11 14

0567-655X 278 16 1974 Apr 17 [On some biological effects of nitroso derivatives] 2053-4 Plouvier V V fre Journal Article Sur la conservation des polyalcools, hétérosides et autres consituants et des activités enzymatiques dans le matériel végétal sec longtemps abandonné

FRANCE C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 7501107 0 Nitroso Compounds IM Animals Bacteria drug effects Daphnia drug effects Mice Mucous Membrane drug effects Nervous System drug effects Nitroso Compounds pharmacology toxicity Plants drug effects Structure-Activity Relationship 4412836 1974 12 18 1974 12 18 2003 11 14

0022-0949 61 1 1974 Aug Directional differences in the colour sensitivity of Daphnia magna. 261-7 Young S S eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Color Perception Daphnia physiology Eye Movements Female Ocular Physiology Photic Stimulation Photoreceptors physiology 4420920 1975 01 06 1975 01 06 2003 11 14

0042-6989 14 8 1974 Aug The hydraulic suspension of the Daphnia eye--a new kind of universal joint? 647-52 Downing A C AC eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Vision Res 0417402 IM S Animals Daphnia anatomy & histology physiology Elasticity Eye anatomy & histology Eye Movements Joints Membranes Muscles anatomy & histology Ocular Physiology Pressure Rotation 75025842 4430014 1975 02 18 1975 02 18 2003 11 14

0009-2797 9 4 1974 Oct Aqueous chlorination and ozonation studies. I. Structure-toxicity correlations of phenolic compounds to Daphnia magna. 245-51 Kopperman H L HL Carlson R M RM Caple R R eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Chem Biol Interact 0227276 0 Phenols IM Animals Chemistry, Physical Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects metabolism Kinetics Mathematics Molecular Conformation Phenols metabolism toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Time Factors 4430814 1975 02 06 1975 02 06 2003 11 14

0021-8561 22 6 1974 Nov-Dec Distribution of 14C and arsenic derived from (14C)cacodylic acid in an aquatic ecosystem. 999-1003 Schuth C K CK Isensee A R AR Woolson E A EA Kearney P C PC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Agric Food Chem 0374755 0 Arsenates 0 Arsenicals 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Herbicides 0 Oxides 0 Pesticide Residues 1398-61-4 Chitin 7440-38-2 Arsenic IM Algae metabolism Animals Arsenates metabolism Arsenic metabolism Arsenicals analysis metabolism Astacoidea metabolism Carbon Radioisotopes Chitin metabolism Daphnia metabolism Drug Stability Ecology Fishes metabolism Herbicides analysis metabolism Oxides Pesticide Residues analysis Plants metabolism Snails metabolism Soil analysis Time Factors 4154509 1975 02 15 1975 02 15 2003 11 14

0049-173X 4 6 1974 Nov Does regenerative capacity decrease with age? 495-503 Zamaraev V N VN eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Sov J Dev Biol 0315573 IM Aging Ambystoma Animals Anura Astacoidea Beetles Birds Brachyura Cnidaria Cockroaches Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Echinodermata Extremities physiology Fishes Helminths Hemiptera Hydra Insects Larva Muscles physiology Nymph Regeneration Scorpions Turbellaria Urochordata Wound Healing 58 4279749 1975 03 10 1975 03 10 2003 11 14

0037-9026 168 1 1974 [Experimental analysis of the transfer of a micropollutant (65 Zn) to the final consumer in a fresh water ecosystem] 78-82 Parouty G G Chaisemartin C C fre Journal Article Analyse expérimentale des transferts d'un micropolluant (65Zn) au consommateur terminal dans un écosystème dulçaquicole

FRANCE C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 7505439 0 Radioisotopes 0 Zinc Isotopes 7440-70-2 Calcium IM Animals Astacoidea Calcium Daphnia Fishes Food Contamination, Radioactive Fresh Water Mollusca Radioisotopes Water Pollution Zinc Isotopes analysis poisoning 4435234 1975 03 10 1975 03 10 2003 11 14

0014-9446 33 12 1974 Dec Computer-aided reconstruction from serial sections. 2336-40 Levinthal C C Macagno E E Tountas C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Fed Proc 0372771 IM Animals Brain anatomy & histology Computers Daphnia Data Display Fishes Image Enhancement Models, Biological Models, Structural Motion Pictures Neurons cytology Photography Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 4279859 1975 02 27 1975 02 27 2003 11 14

0016-9900 6 1974 Jun [Study of the effect of water, purified by an electrodialysis method, on certain biological objects] 90-2 Orlov A A AA rus Journal Article Izuchenie vliianiia vody, opresnennoĭ élektrodializnym sposobom, na nekotorye biologicheskie ob'ekty

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 16291-96-6 Charcoal 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Charcoal Daphnia drug effects Dialysis Filtration Russia Time Factors Water pharmacology 4442559 1975 04 21 1975 04 21 2003 11 14

0014-4754 30 12 1974 Dec 15 An electronic method for measuring the heart frequency of the waterflea: Daphnia pulex. 1478-80 Postmes T J TJ Nacken G G Nelissen R G RG eng Journal Article

SWITZERLAND Experientia 0376547 50-06-6 Phenobarbital IM Animals Daphnia physiology Electronics instrumentation Heart Rate drug effects Methods Phenobarbital pharmacology 4445912 1975 03 26 1975 03 26 2003 11 14

0096-7807 4 6 1974 Sep Comparative evaluation of two methods of calculating zooplankton production exemplified on the Lake Il'men population. 476-82 Stepanova L A LA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Sov J Ecol 0321347 IM Animals Body Weight Comparative Study Daphnia growth & development Ecology methods Plankton growth & development Reproduction Zooplankton growth & development 4447292 1975 04 23 1975 04 23 2003 11 14

0003-4037 28 2 1974 [Nutritional requirement in adenylic acid, growth and morphogenesis in Artemia salina (L.) (Crustacea, branchipode)] 65-82 Hernandorena A A fre Journal Article Besoin alimentaire en acide adénylique, croissance et morphogénèse chez Artemia salina (L.) (Crustacé, branchiopode)

FRANCE Ann Nutr Aliment 0372653 0 Culture Media 61-19-8 Adenosine Monophosphate IM Adenosine Monophosphate metabolism physiology Animal Nutrition Animals Culture Media Daphnia growth & development metabolism Germ-Free Life Morphogenesis Nutritional Requirements 4532099 1975 05 03 1975 05 03 2003 11 14

0018-067X 33 3 1974 Dec Ecological differences between genotypes in a natural population of Daphnia magna. 327-37 Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase IM Alleles Animals Daphnia enzymology physiology Ecology Female Gene Frequency Genetics, Population Genotype Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Male Ovum enzymology Parthenogenesis 1116808 1975 05 27 1975 05 27 2003 11 14

0071-7991 23 1 1975 Interaction of light and gravity orientation in daphnia pulex. 174-84 Jander R R eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Fortschr Zool 0374625 IM S Animals Daphnia physiology Eye Movements Gravitation Light Orientation Space Perception 75113792 1090849 1975 06 09 1975 06 09 2003 11 14

0028-0836 254 5498 1975 Mar 27 Iridovirus and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the freshwater daphnid Simocephalus expinosus. 327-8 Federici B A BA Hazard E I EI eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Nature 0410462 IM Animals DNA Viruses isolation & purification Daphnia microbiology Insect Viruses isolation & purification 4457186 1975 06 29 1975 06 29 2000 12 18

0007-4861 12 6 1974 Dec Acute toxicity of various metals to freshwater zooplankton. 745-51 Baudouin M F MF Scoppa P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals IM Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Plankton drug effects Structure-Activity Relationship 236058 1975 07 23 1975 07 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 3 1975 Mar Fate of dicamba in a model ecosystem. 280-3 Yu C C CC Hansen D J DJ Booth G M GM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Benzoates 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 1918-00-9 Dicamba IM Algae Animals Autoradiography Benzoates metabolism Brachyura Carbon Radioisotopes Clams Culicidae Daphnia Dicamba metabolism Fishes Models, Biological Plants Snails Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 805612 1975 08 20 1975 08 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 4 1975 Apr Effects of PCB (Aroclor 1254) and p'p" DDT on production and survival of Daphnia magna Strauss. 412-6 Maki A W AW Johnson H E HE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 50-29-3 DDT IM Animals DDT pharmacology toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Polychlorinated Biphenyls pharmacology toxicity Reproduction drug effects 1131449 1975 08 20 1975 08 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 4 1975 Apr Pick-up and metabolism of DDT, dieldrin and photodieldrin by a fresh water alga (Ankistrodesmus amalloides) and a microcrustacean (Daphnia pulex). 443-50 Neudorf S S Khan M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 50-29-3 DDT 60-57-1 Dieldrin 72-54-8 DDD 72-55-9 DDE IM Algae metabolism Animals Carbon Radioisotopes DDD metabolism DDE metabolism DDT metabolism Daphnia metabolism Dieldrin metabolism Photochemistry Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Time Factors 1142185 1975 09 22 1975 09 22 2003 11 14

0022-3751 245 2 1975 Feb Cladoceran eye tremor. 48P-49P Downing A C AC Young S S eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Physiol 0266262 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Infrared Rays Motion Pictures Ocular Physiology Tremor physiopathology Videotape Recording 238691 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 5 1975 May The fate of parathion in a model ecosystem. 543-50 Yu C-C Sanborn J R JR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 56-38-2 Parathion IM Algae metabolism Animals Biodegradation Culicidae metabolism Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Models, Biological Parathion metabolism Snails metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 1148414 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 5 1975 May Absorption and elimination of photodieldrin by Daphania and goldfish. 582-7 The alga, Ankistrodesmus spiralis, becomes saturated with photodieldrin in 8 hours. The Daphnia whether contaminated by feeding on the algae saturated with photodieldrin or by directly absorbing this insecticide eliminate about 50 per cent of the absorbed photodieldrin in 4 days which increases up to 70 per cent in 7 days. However, continuous exposure of daphnids to photodieldrin results in increased absorption and accumulation of this insecticide. Transfer of the goldfish contaminated with photodieldrin to clean water results in initial elimination in 24 hours whose rate in is then is then subsequently reduced. These two organisms are thus capable of eliminating their body residues of photodieldrin, the "terminal residue: of dieldrin, if their environment is decontaminated. Khan H M HM Neudorf S S Khan M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 60-57-1 Dieldrin IM Absorption Algae metabolism Animals Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia metabolism Dieldrin metabolism Goldfish metabolism Kinetics Photochemistry Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1151276 1975 11 05 1975 11 05 2003 11 14

0022-0949 62 1 1975 Feb Eye movements in Daphnia pulex (De Geer). 175-87 1. The various types of eye movement exhibited by the cyclopean eye of Daphnia pulex were studied using high speed motion photography. 2. This rudimentary eye, which consists of only 22 ommatidia, can move through approximately 150 degrees in the sagittal plane and 60 degrees in the horizontal plane. 3. Four classes of eye movement were found: (1) a high speed tremor at 16 Hz with an amplitude of 3-4 degrees, which resembles physiological nystagmus, (2) a slow rhythmic scanning movement at 4 Hz, and 5-6 degrees amplitude, (3) large fast eye movements similar to saccadic eye movements and (4) optokinetic nystagmus produced by moving striped patterns. 4. Where the fast tremor occurred concurrently with the slow rhythmic scan, a Fourier analysis revealed that the former was the fourth harmonic of the latter. Frost B J BJ eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Eye Movements Female Fourier Analysis Light Ocular Physiology Orientation Physical Stimulation Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Visual Fields 807992 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0300-483X 4 2 1975 May Standard curves for nuvacron, malathion, sevin, DDT and kelthane tested against the mosquito Culex pipiens L. and the microcrustacean Daphnia magna Straus. 133-44 The fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens L. and adults of microcrustacean Daphnia magna Straus were reared under standardized conditions and used as bioassay test organisms for the preparation of the standard log concentration--probit (lc--p) regression lines for each of the following pesticides: nuvacron, malathion, sevin, DDT and kelthane. When the above pesticides were tested against the larvae of C. pipiens, the LC50 values (in ppm) ranged as follows: nuvacron 0.0014--0.0019, malathion 0.0027-0.0043, sevin 0.059-0.095, DDT 0.233-0.525, kelthane 0.17-0.24 and a mixture of malathion, DDT and kelthane (3 : 10 : 5) 0.1805-0.2451, based on 24-h readings. The corresponding LC50 values (in ppm) for D. magna were 0.00018-0.00032, 0.000074-0.00013, 0.00063-0.00069, 0.0061-0.0064, 0.071-0.090 and 0.055-0.028 for the aforementioned pesticides. D. magna proved to be more sensitive to all tested pesticides than C. pipiens larvae: it succumbed to concentrations ranging from 0.000032 to 0.004 ppm of nuvacron, from 0.000032 to 0.0016 ppm of malathion, from 0.000032 to 0.02 ppm of sevin, from 0.0008 to 0.1 ppm of DDT, from 0.03 to 0.3 ppm of kelthane and from 0.007 to 0.075 ppm of the mixture. C. pipiens larvae were affected by concentrations ranging from 0.0005 to 0.008 ppm of of nuvacron, from 0.0005 to 0.04 ppm of malathion, from 0.008 to 1.0 ppm of sevin, from 0.05 to 2.5 ppm of DDT, from 0.06 to 0.5 ppm of kelthane and from 0.07 to 0.75 ppm of the mixture. Rawash I A IA Gaaboub I A IA El-Gayar E M EM El-Shazli A Y AY eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Toxicology 0361055 0 Insecticides 115-32-2 Dicofol 121-75-5 Malathion 50-29-3 DDT 63-25-2 Carbaryl IM Animals Biological Assay Carbaryl toxicity Culex DDT toxicity Daphnia Dicofol toxicity Insecticides toxicity Larva Lethal Dose 50 Malathion toxicity 807993 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0300-483X 4 2 1975 May Effects of plant species, age and part on the disappearance of sevin, nuvacron and malathion residues. 145-56 Residues as determined by bioassay using Daphnia or mosquito larvae were in agreement with each other in most cases except sevin residues at 1 h and 8 days after treatment of mallow. The mosquito larvae failed to record nuvacron, sevin and malathion on 45-day-old plants on the 8th, 12th and 24th day, respectively, whereas residues on younger plants continued to affect mosquitoes up to the 12th day and disappeared only on the 24th day. Daphnia continued to show toxicity up to the 24th day on younger and older plants. Insecticide residues of nuvacron, malathion and sevin, found on the leaves 30- and 45-day-old plants of cotton, Jew's mallow and kidney beans after 1 h, 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 days were estimated biologically by C. pipiens larvae and D. magna. Residues of insecticides disappeared more readily on bean pods than on bean leaves. Residues of sevin, malathion and nuvacron found on the pods 12 days after treatment as indicated by Daphnia were 0.189, 0.055 and 0.059 ppm respectively. They are far less than the corresponding residues on bean leaves. The 1-hour residue was higher on younger bean leaves than on mallow and cotton with very few exceptions (nuvacron, malathion and sevin: 2.125, 11.75 and 95 ppm on cotton leaves; 2.25 and 145 ppm on Jew's mallow and 3.750, 32.500 and 250 ppm on common bean leaves, respectively). These data were obtained with C. pipiens larvae. The picture was completely reversed on 45-day-old plants. 1-h deposits of malathion were higher on mallow than on cotton or beans (nuvacron, malathion and sevin; 2.3, 200 and 140 ppm on cotton leaves, 1.90, 191.15 and 92.86 ppm on mallow leaves, 2.25, 21.5 and 137.5 ppm on common bean leaves, respectively). These data were obtained with C. pipiens larvae. Nuvacron residues on 45-day-old mallow were less on mallow than on cotton or beans. Sevin was higher in 1-h residues on cotton and beans than on mallow. Mallow did not retain insecticides as long as did cotton and beans. The initial concentration of nuvacron was little less than that of sevin and malathion. It was more toxic to mosquito larva (LC50 = 0.0016 ppm) than malathion (LC50 = 0.0034 ppm) and sevin (LC50 = 0.075 ppm). Daphnia was more affected by malathion (LC50 = 0.000098 ppm) than by nuvacron (LC50 = 0.00024 ppm). Nuvacron was nearly equitoxic to sevin (LC50 = 0.00026 ppm) against Daphnia. In spite of this all tested plants, both young or older ones, retained nuvacron in the smallest quantities in proportion to the other insecticides. The 1-h residues were less on older plants (except cotton) for only nuvacron and sevin: 2 and 94.5, 1.9 and 92.8 ppm than on younger ones 2.4 and 137.2, 2.25 and 145 ppm as indicated by Daphnia and mosquito larvae respectively. This emphasizes that the initial concentration is not the limiting factor for the determination of the 1-h residue as the initial concentration was much higher on older than on younger plants. Rawash I A IA Gaaboub I A IA El-Gayar F M FM El-Shazli A Y AY eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Toxicology 0361055 0 Insecticides 0 Pesticide Residues 121-75-5 Malathion 63-25-2 Carbaryl IM Animals Biological Assay Carbaryl metabolism pharmacology Culex Daphnia Gossypium Insecticides metabolism Malathion metabolism pharmacology Pesticide Residues metabolism pharmacology Plants Species Specificity Time Factors 1154420 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0300-483X 4 2 1975 May Residue analysis of DDT, malathion and kelthane on pears. 157-63 Malthion, DDT, kelthane and their mixture (3 : 10 : 5) were applied to pear fruits at the rate recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture. The rate of disappearance of their residues on pear fruits was investigated under refrigerated conditions (2 +/- 1 degree and 47% relative humidity (RH)). The same insecticides were tested in higher concentrations (1.5 and 2 times) to determine the effect of insecticides on the black spots usually found on pears after storage. No relation was found between the tested insecticides and the appearance of the black spots. Residue-disappearance curves of the three tested concentrations of these insecticides and their mixture were drawn on semi-log paper. The residues of each material found on pear fruits after one hour, 1, 8, 15, 30 and 45 days' storage in a refrigerator, estimated biologically by C. pipiens larvae and D. magna were recorded. The highest concentrations of the mixture and of the individual insecticides left higher residues on pears than the lower ones of all the insecticides either as a mixture or alone. Stored pears, refrigerated under the above conditions immediately after treatment with the mixture of insecticides recommended for the pest control of pears, cannot be consumed fresh after 45 days. Rawash I A IA El-Gayar F M FM Gaaboub I A IA El-Shazli A Y AY eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Toxicology 0361055 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Pesticide Residues 115-32-2 Dicofol 121-75-5 Malathion 50-29-3 DDT IM Animals Biological Assay Culex DDT analysis pharmacology Daphnia Dicofol analysis pharmacology Fruit analysis Insecticides, Organochlorine analysis Malathion analysis pharmacology Pesticide Residues analysis pharmacology Time Factors 1155967 1975 11 01 1975 11 01 2003 11 14

0090-4341 3 2 1975 Plasticizers in the environment: the fate of di-N-octyl phthalate (DOP) in two model ecosystems and uptake and metabolism of DOP by aquatic organisms. 244-55 The fate of the plasticizer, di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) has been examined in 33-day terrestrial-aquatic and three-day aquatic model ecosystems. The five organisms of the two systems contained residues of DOP, demonstrating the propensity of this lipoid soluble organic molecule to be concentrated from the water. The residues in the organisms in the three-day system were higher than in the 33-day system with the exception of the fish, indicating perhaps, that DOP can undergo some degradation before the fish is placed in the system on the 30th day. A half-life of five days for DOP disappearance from the water was calculated from water samples taken periodically. Further, effects of mixed function oxidase and esterase inhibitors were investigated on the metabolism of DOP by various selected organisms and tissues of the two ecosystems. Sanborn J R JR Metcalf R L RL Yu C C CC Lu P Y PY eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Tritolyl Phosphates 51-03-6 Piperonyl Butoxide IM Algae metabolism Animals Biodegradation Culex metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Fishes metabolism In Vitro Insects metabolism Larva Microsomes, Liver metabolism Models, Biological Phthalic Acids metabolism Piperonyl Butoxide pharmacology Snails metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Tritolyl Phosphates pharmacology 1174284 1975 12 04 1975 12 04 2003 11 14

0001-6683 37 1 1975 Jul Toxicity of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural to Daphnia magna. 94-6 Hessov I I eng Journal Article

DENMARK Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 0370572 98-01-1 Furaldehyde IM Animals Daphnia Furaldehyde analogs & derivatives toxicity 4467665 1975 12 11 1975 12 11 2003 11 14

0044-3573 36 1974 Genetics and molecular ethology. 267-292 Gould J L JL eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Z Tierpsychol 0033336 IM Animals Bacteria Bees Behavior, Animal Breeding Circadian Rhythm Coliphages Daphnia Drosophila Ethology Euglena Genetics, Behavioral Grasshoppers Learning Mice Mutation Nematoda Paramecium Parrots Vocalization, Animal 1211734 1976 03 18 1976 03 18 2003 11 14

0003-4037 29 3 1975 [Quantitative variations in food intake of Ranatra linearis L. (aquatic heteropter, carnivore)] 245-57 Among causes of variation of ingestion in Ranatra linearis (Heteroptera) the following aspects have been studied:--different stages of development; --annual rhythm; --the state of repletion or fast. Cloarec A A fre Journal Article Variations quantitatives de la prise alimentaire chez Ranatra linearis L. (hétéroptère aquatique, carnivore)

FRANCE Ann Nutr Aliment 0372653 IM Age Factors Animals Arthropods growth & development Body Weight Daphnia Diet Eating English Abstract Hemiptera physiology Larva physiology Seasons Starvation Time Factors 1248033 1976 04 15 1976 04 15 2003 11 14

0302-766X 166 1 1976 Feb 6 Distribution of monoaminergic neurons in the nervous system of non-malacostracan crustaceans. 1-24 A comparative investigation of the distribution of monoaminergic neurons in non-malacostracan crustaceans was performed with the histochemical fluorescence method of Falck-Hillarp. Two fluorophores were found: the more widespread of the two emits a green fluorescence; and the more sparsely distributed emits a yellow to brown-yellow fluorescence. Specific green fluorescent areas were shown to exist in the protocerebrum. The central body and the optic ganglia of the compound eye (where present) are always fluorescent. Moreover, the centre of the nauplius eye may have a green fluorophore, as in ostracods, and a neuropile area, here called the frontal area. These neuropile centres are known from ordinary histological studies of the nervous system. In addition, there are specific monoaminergic centres, such as the so-called dorsal area of phyllopods and anostracans as well as the copepod specific areas. Specific monoaminergic areas appear in the deutocerebrum and the suboesophageal ganglion where they are particularly well developed. Presumed sensory neurons in the cavity receptor organ of Artemia saliva are shown to be monoaminergic. Monoaminergic sensory neurons have not been described previously in Arthropods. Presumed motor innervation of hind-gut and trunk muscles is also found, and it is concluded that in crustaceans neurons of every type (sensory, internuncial, motor) may be monoaminergic. Aramant R R Elofsson R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Cell Tissue Res 0417625 0 Biogenic Amines 0 Catecholamines IM Animals Biogenic Amines analysis Brain Chemistry Catecholamines analysis Crustacea anatomy & histology Daphnia anatomy & histology Decapoda (Crustacea) anatomy & histology Eye analysis Ganglia analysis Histocytochemistry Interneurons analysis Microscopy, Fluorescence Motor Neurons analysis Neurons analysis Spinal Cord analysis 1213020 1976 04 19 1976 04 19 2003 11 14

0013-9351 10 3 1975 Dec Toxicity of polydimethylsiloxanes in certain environmental systems. 397-406 Keplinger M L ML Calandra J C JC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Dimethylpolysiloxanes 0 Silicones IM Animals Bacteria isolation & purification Biodegradation Carbon Radioisotopes Chickens physiology Daphnia drug effects Dimethylpolysiloxanes analysis toxicity Ducks Eggs analysis Environmental Health Fish Products analysis Fishes physiology Lethal Dose 50 Quail Sewage Silicones toxicity 943580 1976 05 25 1976 05 25 2003 11 14

0043-1303 48 1 1976 Jan Comparative toxicity of polyelectrolytes to selected aquatic animals. 183-7 Biesinger K E KE Lemke A E AE Smith W E WE Tyo R M RM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Water Pollut Control Fed 7505562 0 Electrolytes 0 Polymers IM Animals Brachyura physiology Daphnia physiology Electrolytes toxicity Fishes physiology Polymers toxicity Salmonidae physiology Time Factors Trout physiology 1263525 1976 07 06 1976 07 06 2003 11 14

0022-5193 56 1 1976 Jan The effect of age of founder on the probability of survival of a colony. 175-90 Williamson J A JA Charlesworth B B eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Theor Biol 0376342 IM Age Factors Animals Daphnia growth & development Ecology Models, Biological Population Growth Probability Reproduction Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 1268342 1976 08 02 1976 08 02 2003 11 14

0007-4861 15 3 1976 Mar Endrin toxicity and distribution in freshwater: a review. 283-90 Grant B F BF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 72-20-8 Endrin 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae metabolism Animals Anura Crustacea Daphnia metabolism Drug Resistance Endrin analysis metabolism toxicity Fishes Fresh Water analysis Lethal Dose 50 Salmon Time Factors Trout Water analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 5275 1976 08 03 1976 08 03 2003 11 14

0340-4714 3 1975 The usefulness of model ecosystems in insecticide development. 351-8 Booth G M GM eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Environ Qual Saf Suppl 7512713 0 Insecticides 1563-66-2 Carbofuran 50-29-3 DDT 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae metabolism Animals Biodegradation Carbofuran analysis Chromatography, Thin Layer Culicidae metabolism DDT analogs & derivatives analysis Daphnia metabolism Ecology Fishes metabolism Insecticides analysis Models, Biological Snails metabolism Water analysis 1270989 1976 08 02 1976 08 02 2003 11 14

0022-0949 64 1 1976 Feb The receptive fields of Daphnia ommatidia. 185-202 1. The focal length and positions of the principal planes of an isolated Daphnia lens were determined, and the refractive index of the rhabdom was measured. 2. The lens can form an image, but this always lies well behind the rhabdom. This was confirmed by direct observation of images inside a clear-eye mutant Daphnia eye. 3. The rhabdom was shown to be unlikely to function as a waveguide, and a ray optics model is proposed to enable the prediction of ommatidial receptive fields from the lens data. 4. The predicted receptive fields have wide plateaus and steep sides, and there are virtually no totally blind gaps between neighbouring ommatidia. Young S S Downing A C AC eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Hemolymph physiology Lens, Crystalline physiology Mutation Ocular Physiology Refraction, Ocular Visual Fields 1064586 1976 09 01 1976 09 01 2003 11 14

0018-067X 36 3 1976 Jun Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia magna. IV. Ecological differentiation and frequency changes of genotypes at Audley End. 331-41 Genotypic frequencies were analysed for two years in a permanent population of the cladoceran crustacean, Daphnia magna, which was polymorphic for an esterase and for malate dehydrogenase. Large temporal changes in genotypic frequencies occurred at both loci. There was no evidence of a seasonal pattern in the frequency changes. In most samples, genotypes at the two enzyme loci were non-randomly associated; these associations showed temporal changes. On some occasions marked spatial heterogeneity in genotypic frequencies existed within the population. Genotypic differences in parthenogenetic and sexual egg production were observed. In a primarily parthenogenetically reproducing population, non-random associations between genotypes of structural and regulatory loci will be the rule. The allozyme variants themselves may or may not be under selection. The relevance of these observations to ecological studies on Daphnia is considered. Hebert P D PD Ward R D RD eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases IM Animals Daphnia enzymology England Esterases metabolism Female Gene Frequency Genotype Malate Dehydrogenase metabolism Male Parthenogenesis Polymorphism (Genetics) Variation (Genetics) 1229771 1976 08 23 1976 08 23 2003 11 14

0044-3573 37 4 1975 Jun [Selection of strays from the group by predators during prey] 400-2 Equally sated three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that had a free view of stray individuals and of a swarm of Daphnia magna preferentially preyed upon the strays; the resulting risk to the strays increased with swarm density (a leads to c leads to e in Fig. 1). This applied also to situations with constant swarm numbers but varied density (a leads to b, d leads to e). The results from two experiments with equal swarm density (b/e, c/d) suggest selection to be affected also by swarm number and/or volume. Milinski M M Curio E E ger Journal Article Untersuchungen zur Selektion durch Räuber gegen Vereinzelung der Beute

GERMANY, WEST Z Tierpsychol 0033336 IM Animals Appetitive Behavior Daphnia English Abstract Fishes Mass Behavior Predatory Behavior 938765 1976 09 25 1976 09 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 15 6 1976 Jun The short-term toxicity of some feed additives to different freshwater organisms. 720-5 The short-term toxicity (EC50 respectively LC50 after 2 or 4 days) of 13 feed additives was determined to 4 freshwater organisms of different trophical levels: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Daphnia magna, Lebistes reticulatus and Salmo gairdneri. The most toxic (LC(EC)50 less than 1 mg/1) were robenidine (to all tested organisms) and stenorol (to Daphnia); moderately toxic (1 less than LC(EC)50 less than 10 mg/1) was pyrimethamine. Amprolium, ethopabate, furazolidone and zoalene proved to be little toxic (LC(EC)50 greater than 10 mg/1); whereas buquinolate, carbadox, clopidol, decoquinate, grofas and sulfaquinoxaline were under the experimental conditions not toxic for the tested organisms. Canton J H JH van Esch G J GJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Food Additives IM Animals Chlorella physiology Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Food Additives toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Salmon physiology 1065532 1976 09 25 1976 09 25 2003 11 14

0091-7451 40 1976 Anatomy and development of identified cells in isogenic organisms. 321-31 Levinthal F F Macagno E E Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1256107 IM Animals Brain cytology growth & development Computers Daphnia Dendrites Female Fishes Ganglia cytology Genetics Optic Chiasm cytology growth & development Optic Nerve Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Synapses ultrastructure 958498 1976 10 20 1976 10 20 2003 11 14

0028-1042 63 5 1976 May Effects of sublethal concentrations of herbicide on Daphnia. 241-2 Schober U U Lampert W W eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Naturwissenschaften 0400767 1912-24-9 Atrazine IM Animals Atrazine pharmacology Daphnia drug effects growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Reproduction drug effects Time Factors 963326 1976 11 21 1976 11 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 16 2 1976 Aug The toxicity of benomyl, thiophanate-methyl, and BCM to four freshwater organisms. 214-24 The EC50 or LC50 values after a 2-day exposure of the three fungicides benomyl, thiophanate-methyl and BCM, have been determined using four freshwater organisms: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Daphnia magna, Lebistes reticulatus and Salmo gairdneri. The influence of BCM on the reproductive capacity of Daphnia was also investigated and from these data provisional ecological limit was established. Canton J H JH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Benzimidazoles 0 Carbamates 17804-35-2 Benomyl 23564-05-8 Thiophanate IM Animals Benomyl toxicity Benzimidazoles toxicity Carbamates toxicity Chlorella drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Lethal Dose 50 Salmonidae physiology Thiophanate toxicity Time Factors Trout physiology 971813 1976 12 03 1976 12 03 2003 11 14

0016-9277 97 5 1976 May [Proof of insignificant, water pollution by pesticides using a technic based on the physiological function] 106-8, 113 Kneffel S S Dési I I Sárosi é ger Journal Article Nachweis der geringfügigen pesticiden Wasserverschmutzung mit Hilfe einer auf der Veränderung der physiologischen Funktion beruhenden Methode

GERMANY, WEST Gesund Ing 0370743 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Pesticides IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Methods Mussels drug effects Pesticide Residues analysis Pesticides adverse effects Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 789062 1976 12 30 1976 12 30 2003 11 14

0091-6765 14 1976 Apr Degradation, metabolism and toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids. 15-28 Synthetic pyrethroidal compounds undergo biodegradation in mammals both oxidatively and hydrolytically, and depending on the type of compound, either of the pathways may predominate. Thus, (+) - or (+/-) -trans isomers of the chrysanthemumate ester of primary alcohols such as fenothrin, furamethrin, proparthrin, resmethrin, and tetramethrin (and possibly permethrin, too) are metabolized mainly through hydrolysis of the ester linkage, with subsequent oxidation and/or conjugation of the component alcohol and acid moieties. On the other hand, the corresponding (+)-cis enantiometers and chrysanthemumate of secondary alcohols like allethrin are resistant to hydrolytic attack, and biodegraded via oxidation at various sites of the molecule. These rapid metabolic degradations, together with the presumable incomplete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, would generally contribute to the low acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids. These compounds are neither skin irritants nor skin sensitizers, and inhalation toxicity as well as dermal toxicity are fairly low. Neither is teratogenic in rats, mice, and/or rabbits or mutagenic on various bacterial strains. Subacute and chronic feeding of higher amounts of the compounds to rats invariably causes some histopathological changes in liver; however, these are neither indicative nor suggestive of tumorigenicity. Based on existing toxicological information, the present recommended use patterns might afford sufficient safety margin on human population. However, in extending usage to agricultural pest control, much more extensive investigations should be forthcoming from both chemical and biological aspects, since there is scant information on the fate of these pyrethroids in the environment. Also several of the compounds may be very toxic to certain kinds of fish and arthropods. Miyamoto J J eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Aerosols 0 Mutagens 0 Pyrethrins 0 Teratogens IM Administration, Oral Aerosols Animals Biodegradation Daphnia Dogs Environment Fishes Guinea Pigs Mice Mutagens Pyrethrins administration & dosage metabolism toxicity Rabbits Rats Skin drug effects Teratogens Time Factors 46 824706 1976 12 30 1976 12 30 2003 11 14

0035-7715 27 5 1976 [Effect of chlorophene on aqueous organisms and chemical characteristics of changes in aqueous medium caused by this substance] 555-61 Luczak J J Rybak M M Zyciński D D pol Journal Article Wpływ chlorofenu na organizmy wodne oraz charakterystyka chemiczna zmian w środowisku wodnym pod wpływem tego preparatu

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls IM Animals Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Fishes Polychlorinated Biphenyls pharmacology Snails drug effects Water Pollution, Chemical 185747 1976 12 30 1976 12 30 2003 11 14

0040-8166 8 3 1976 The fine structure of the digestive system of Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladocera). 479-90 The alimentary canal of Daphnia pulex consists of a tube-shaped foregut, a midgut (mesenteron) with an anterior pair of small diverticula, and a short hindgut. The foregut and hindgut are structurally similar. Each is formed by a low cuboidal epithelium 5 mum tall and lined with a chitinous intima. The midgut wall consists of a simple epithelium resting on a thick beaded basal lamina which is surrounded by a spiraling muscularis. Anteriorly the midgut cells are columnar in shape being 30 mum in height each having a basal nucleus, anteriorly concentrated mitochondria and in apical border of long thin microvilli. Posteriorly the midgut cells become progressively shorter so that in the posteriormost region of the midgut the cells are 5 mum tall and cuboidal in shape. The microvilli concomitantly become shorter and thicker. All mesenteron cells contain the usual cytoplasmic organelles. The paired digestive diverticula are simple evaginations of the midgut. The wall of each consists of a simple epithelium of cuboidal cells 25 mum in height, each with a brushed border of long thin microvilli. Enzyme secretion appears to be holocrine in mode and not confined to any one region of the mesenteron though definitely polarized anteriorly. The thin gut muscularis encircles the entire length of the midgut and caeca. Thick and thin filaments appear to be in a 6:1 ratio. Schultz T W TW Kennedy J R JR eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Tissue Cell 0214745 IM Animals Cell Membrane ultrastructure Cell Nucleus ultrastructure Daphnia ultrastructure Digestive System ultrastructure Endoplasmic Reticulum ultrastructure Epithelial Cells Epithelium ultrastructure Esophagus ultrastructure Golgi Apparatus ultrastructure Inclusion Bodies ultrastructure Intercellular Junctions ultrastructure Lysosomes ultrastructure Mitochondria ultrastructure Muscles ultrastructure Myofibrils ultrastructure 1036745 1977 02 26 1977 02 26 2003 11 14

0021-8561 24 6 1976 Nov-Dec Soil persistence and aquatic bioaccumulation potential of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). 1210-4 Isensee A R AR Holden E R ER Woolson E A EA Jones G E GE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Agric Food Chem 0374755 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 118-74-1 Hexachlorobenzene IM Algae metabolism Animals Chlorobenzenes analysis Cyprinodontiformes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Drug Stability Ecology Fishes metabolism Hexachlorobenzene analysis metabolism Models, Biological Pesticide Residues analysis Snails metabolism Soil Pollutants analysis Time Factors Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 1087738 1977 03 31 1977 03 31 2003 11 14

0079-6123 45 1976 The formation of continuously ordered mappings. 327-57 Gaze R M RM Hope R A RA eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Prog Brain Res 0376441 IM Animals Brain embryology Daphnia Goldfish Hamsters Leeches Models, Neurological Nerve Regeneration Neural Pathways physiology Octopus Optic Nerve physiology Rana temporaria Synapses physiology Xenopus 836975 1977 04 30 1977 04 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 17 1 1977 Jan Toxic interaction of mixtures of two coal conversion effluent components (resorcinol and 6-methylquinoline) to Daphnia magna. 25-32 Herbes S E SE Beauchamp J J JJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Quinolines 0 Resorcinols IM Animals Coal Daphnia drug effects Drug Interactions Industrial Waste Quinolines toxicity Resorcinols toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 1035813 1977 05 27 1977 05 27 2000 12 18

0377-1202 14 2 1976 Apr-Jun Incidence and significance of precipitating antibodies in occupational and non-occupational extrinsic non-atopic (type III) asthma (bronchial asthma with precipitins). 133-8 Precipitating antibodies against different organic enviromental dusts were studied in 37 patients with suggestive symptoms of nonatopic bronchial asthma, comparatively with a group of 4 patients with atopic asthma and with a group of asymptomatic subjects, exposed to the same organic dusts as the majority of patients. Precipitins were found present in over 75% of the sera from patients with infectious type non-atopic asthma and were associated with positive semidelayed type skin tests as well as with positive bronchial provocation tests a few hours after antigen inhalation. No precipitins were found in the sera from patients with atopic asthma. Precipitating antibodies were also found but in lower percentages (30%) and at lower titers, in clinically asymptomatic subjects who were occupationally exposed to the respective antigens. It was demonstrated that the presence of precipitins in the sera of patients with bronchial asthma is a valuable diagnostic element which confirms the clinical and anamnestic data. The pathogenic role of precipitins is not yet clear. It might be related to the amount of these precipitins in the serum. Gheorghiu M M Giuglea C C Bănescu O O Popescu I G IG eng Journal Article

ROMANIA Med Interne 7506353 0 Antigens 0 Precipitins IM Antigens Aspergillosis immunology Asthma immunology Basidiomycota Comparative Study Daphnia Farmer's Lung immunology Human Occupational Diseases immunology Precipitins analysis Respiratory Hypersensitivity immunology Silo Filler's Disease immunology Skin Tests Wood 851651 1977 06 22 1977 06 22 2003 11 14

0007-4861 17 3 1977 Mar Effects of sublethal concentrations of the herbicide Atrazin on Growth and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. 269-77 Schober U U Lampert W W eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Solvents 1912-24-9 Atrazine IM Animals Atrazine pharmacology Daphnia drug effects growth & development Longevity drug effects Reproduction drug effects Solvents pharmacology Starvation physiopathology Time Factors 876683 1977 08 25 1977 08 25 2003 11 14

0031-1820 74 3 1977 Jun Interference with Fasciola hepatica snail finding by various aquatic organisms. 285-90 Previous studies using radioactive miracidia have shown that a number of non-host snails and bivalves, interposed as 'decoys' in linear test channels, may interfere with the capacity of Fasciola hepatica miracidia to infect Lymnaea truncatula. Applying similar experimental principles, the role of several other potential interferents have been analysed in the present study. Daphnia pulex (Cladocera) and larvae of Corethra sp. (Diptera) exercised significant interfering effects by protecting 'target' snails from infection. Evidence suggested that this effect was a result of their normal predatory behaviour. Other organisms including Herpobdella testacea and Helobdella stagnalis (Hirudinea), Acellus aquaticus (Isopoda), Planaria lugubris (Turbellaria) and L. truncatula egg clusters failed to interfere with miracidial host-finding. Nor did P. lugubris and L. truncatula 'conditioned water' interfere with the capacity of the miracidia to infect their host snail. Christensen N O NO Nansen P P Frandsen F F eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Parasitology 0401121 IM Animals Crustacea physiology Diptera physiology Ecology Fasciola hepatica physiology Lymnaea parasitology Plants Predatory Behavior 890151 1977 10 31 1977 10 31 2000 12 18

0007-4861 18 2 1977 Aug A 96-hour sediment bioassay of Duluth and Superior Harbor basins (Minnesota) using Hexagenia limbata, Asellus communis, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas as test organisms. 159-69 Prater B L BL Anderson M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Biological Assay Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water analysis Great Lakes Region Invertebrates drug effects Minnesota Oxygen analysis Soil analysis Temperature Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis pharmacology 20063 1977 10 31 1977 10 31 2003 11 14

0090-4341 6 2-3 1977 The Environmental fate of three carcinogens: benzo-(alpha)-pyrene, benzidine, and vinyl chloride evaluated in laboratory model ecosystems. 129-42 Radiolabeled benzo-((alpha)-pyrene, benzidine, and vinyl chloride were evaluated in laboratory model ecosystems for environmental fate, degradation pathways, bioconcentration, and food chain accumulation. The comparative effects of microsomal detoxications were evaluated using the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide. The accumulation and bioconcentration of benzo-(alpha)-pyrene and benzidine were closely correlated with their octanol/water partition coefficients and water solubility. Benzo-(alpha)-pyrene as predicted by these parameters was bioaccumulated to substantial levels in several organisms. Vinyl chloride was not accumulated because of its high volatility. Lu P Y PY Metcalf R L RL Plummer N N Mandel D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Benzidines 0 Benzopyrenes 0 Vinyl Compounds 51-03-6 Piperonyl Butoxide 75-01-4 Vinyl Chloride IM Algae, Green metabolism Animals Benzidines analysis metabolism Benzopyrenes analysis metabolism Culicidae metabolism Cyprinodontiformes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Insects metabolism Larva metabolism Photolysis Piperonyl Butoxide pharmacology Snails metabolism Soil analysis Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors Vinyl Chloride analysis metabolism Vinyl Compounds analysis 409541 1977 11 25 1977 11 25 2003 11 14

0567-655X 285 1 1977 Jul 4 [Pollution in Lake Leman. Evidence for the accumulation of tin in crustacean plankton: first results obtained by X ray spectrography] 113-6 Zooplankton was collected monthly from Leman Lake, from November 1976 to April 1977. Six of the most representative species of freshwater zooplankton were analyzed: Bosmina sp, Daphnia longispina, Bythotrephes longimanus, Leptodora kindtii, Eudiaptomus gracilis and Cyclops prealpinus. All of the samples were shown to accumulate tin in their different organs and tissues where high values were generally found. The consequences of concentration of this toxic element for aquatic food chains are discussed. Chassard-Bouchaud C C Balvay G G Kleinbauer F F fre Journal Article Pollution du lac Léman. Mise en évidence d'une accumulation d'étain par les crustacés planctoniques: premières données obtenues par spectrographie des rayons X.

FRANCE C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 7501107 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-31-5 Tin IM Animals Crustacea English Abstract Fresh Water Plankton analysis Species Specificity Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission methods Tin analysis Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 1037611 1977 11 25 1977 11 25 2003 11 14

0091-6765 18 1976 Dec Model ecosystem evaluation of the environmental impacts of the veterinary drugs phenothiazine, sulfamethazine, clopidol, and diethylstilbestrol. 167-79 Four veterinary drugs of dissimilar chemical structures were evaluated for environmental stability and penchant for bioaccumulation. The techniques used were (1) a model aquatic ecosystem (3 days) and (2) a model feedlot ecosystem (33 days) in which the drugs were introduced via the excreta of chicks or mice. The model feedlot ecosystem was supported by metabolism cage studies to determine the amount and the form of the drug excreted by the chicks or mice. Considerable quantities of all the drugs were excreted intact or as environmentally short-lived conjugates. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and Clopidol were the most persistent molecules, but only DES bioaccumulated to any appreciable degree. Phenothiazine was very biodegradable; sulfamethazine was relatively biodegradable and only accumulated in the organisms to very low levels. Data from the aquatic model ecosystem demonstrated a good correlation between the partition coefficients of the drugs and their accumulation in the fish. Coats J R JR Metcalf R L RL Lu P Y PY Brown D D DD Williams J F JF Hansen L G LG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Phenothiazines 0 Pyridines 2971-90-6 Clopidol 56-53-1 Diethylstilbestrol 57-68-1 Sulfamethazine IM Algae, Green Animals Chickens Clopidol metabolism toxicity Culex Cyprinodontiformes Daphnia Diethylstilbestrol metabolism toxicity Ecology Environmental Exposure Feces analysis Mice Phenothiazines metabolism toxicity Pyridines metabolism Snails Sulfamethazine metabolism toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 908314 1977 11 30 1977 11 30 2003 11 14

0091-6765 19 1977 Aug Characterization of arsenic compounds formed by Daphnia magna and Tetraselmis chuii from inorganic arsenate. 61-6 Experiments to grow Tetraselmis chuii (a marine alga) and Daphnia magna in the presence of inorganic arsenate are described. The algae incorporate arsenic rather efficiently and form a lipid-soluble organic arsenic compound. T. chuii has been successfully mass cultured in a medium containing 10 ppm arsenic as arsenate. Daphnia magna was cultured in a medium containing 74As-labeled H3AsO4 and 1 ppm Na2HAsO4 expressed as arsenic. The arsenic metabolites were extracted with a chloroform-methanol solution and isolated by using column and thin-layer chromatography. TLC analysis of the metabolites revealed the presence of a 74As-containing product which migrated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This product was hydrolyzed with the phospholipases A, C, and D. The experimental results are not inconsistent with the presence of an arsenocholine moiety in the lipids. Arsenocholine, arsenobetaine, and acetylarsenocholine have been synthesized and will serve as reference substances in the chromatography experiments. The preparation of arsenocholine-containing lipids is in progress. Irgolic K J KJ Woolson E A EA Stockton R A RA Newman R D RD Bottino N R NR Zingaro R A RA Kearney P C PC Pyles R A RA Maeda S S McShane W J WJ Cox E R ER eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Arsenates 0 Arsenicals 0 Lipids 7440-38-2 Arsenic IM Algae metabolism Animals Arsenates metabolism Arsenic metabolism Arsenicals analysis Daphnia metabolism Lipids metabolism Marine Biology Methods Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 905850 1977 11 25 1977 11 25 2003 11 14

0094-7733 32 1977 Abnormal synaptic connectivity following UV-induced cell death during Daphnia development. 293-309 Macagno E R ER eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Soc Gen Physiol Ser 0433431 IM Animals Cell Survival Daphnia anatomy & histology growth & development Neurons ultrastructure Photoreceptors growth & development radiation effects ultrastructure Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Synapses ultrastructure Ultraviolet Rays 922608 1978 01 27 1978 01 27 2003 11 14

0008-4166 23 11 1977 Nov Occurrence in Monia rectirostris (Cladocera: Daphnidae) of a parasite morphologically similar to Pasteuria ramosa (Metchnikoff, 1888). 1573-9 Pasteuria ramosa, a bacterial parasite of the cladocerans Daphnia pulex and D. magna, was described by Metchnikoff in 1888. Because the organism could not be cultured, it was subsequently lost. However, the original illustrations and descriptions of the life cycle of P. ramosa are similar to a bacterial spore parasite of nematodes (BSPN) that was recently described in Meloidogyne. As a result of these similarities, a search for P. ramosa was initiated. An organism resembling P. ramosa was found infecting Moina rectirostris, a member of the Daphnidae and a new host for the bacterium. Photomicrographs and scanning electron micrographs of the parasite indicated that the morphology of this organism was similar to the descriptions and illustrations presented by Metchnikoff. Morphological features of this newly described parasite also indicated that the bacterium is similar to the BSPN. Sayre R M RM Wergin W P WP Davis R E RE eng Journal Article

CANADA Can J Microbiol 0372707 IM Animals Bacteria isolation & purification ultrastructure Crustacea microbiology parasitology Spores, Bacterial isolation & purification ultrastructure 597623 1978 03 21 1978 03 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 18 6 1977 Dec Evaluation of a cell culture assay for determination of water quality of oil-refinery effluents. 683-90 Richardson D D Dorris T C TC Burks S S Browne R H RH Higgins M L ML Leach F R FR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Cresols 0 Industrial Waste IM Animals Biological Assay methods Cells, Cultured drug effects Cresols pharmacology Daphnia drug effects Industrial Waste analysis Mice Petroleum Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors Water Supply analysis 599977 1978 03 10 1978 03 10 2003 11 14

0025-6978 27 4 1977 Nov Daphnia pulex. 179-82 Lawson D F DF eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Med Biol Illus 0400710 IM Animals Daphnia growth & development Female Male Metamorphosis, Biological Photography methods 638272 1978 06 12 1978 06 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 19 2 1978 Feb Metabolic alteration and excretion of anthracene by Daphnia pulex. 147-55 Herbes S E SE Risi G F GF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Anthracenes IM Animals Anthracenes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Kinetics 98320 1978 10 27 1978 10 27 2003 11 14

0013-9351 15 3 1978 Jun Cadmium toxicity in planktonic organisms of a freshwater food web. 357-67 Fennikoh K B KB Hirshfield H I HI Kneip T J TJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Astacoidea drug effects Cadmium toxicity Chlamydomonas drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Euglena gracilis drug effects Goldfish Invertebrates drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Turbellaria drug effects 356015 1978 10 18 1978 10 18 2003 11 14

0370-0747 8 1 1978 [Resistance of yeast cells to plastics and elastics] 21-6 For the investigation of plastics and elastics several sensitive biological methods are in use. In the Pharmacopeia of GDR, 2nd edition, a safety-test on isolated frogheart is prescribed for plastics and a safety-test on daphnia magna for elastics. Ionescu-Stoian had recommended a test using saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found a good conformity of the result given by this test with the results of the daphnia-test. On the other hand, the saccharomyces cerevisiae-test is much more sensitive than the test with isolated frogheart. Gerstenberger G G Jacker H J HJ Dressel H H ger Journal Article Beitrag zur Verträglichkeitsprüfung von Gegenständen aus Plasten und Elasten unter Verwendung von Hefezellen.

POLAND Polim Med 7509477 0 Plastics 0 Silicone Elastomers IM Animals Anura English Abstract Heart drug effects In Vitro Plastics toxicity Saccharomyces cerevisiae drug effects Silicone Elastomers toxicity 688341 1978 11 29 1978 11 29 2003 11 14

0302-766X 190 3 1978 Jul 10 Neuronal connectivity patterns in the compound eyes of Artemia salina and Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). 435-7 The neuronal types and patterns in the visual system of the species Artemia salina and Daphina magna have been studied with the Golgi method and electron microscopy. The lamina contains five classes of neurons: photoreceptor axons, monopolar, centrifugal, tangential and amacrine neurons. The terminals of the receptor axons are distributed in two (A. salina) or three (D. magna) layers. The dilated terminals have an extensive and wide array of fine branches. One axon from each ommatidium bypasses the lamina and terminates in the medula in A. salina. A. salina has four types of monopolar neurons, two of which are stratified, whereas in D. magna only two types are found, one of which is bistratified. Tangential T-neurons connect the lamina with the protocerebrum. D. magna has in addition one tangential T-neuron connecting both the lamina and the medulla with the protocerebrum. In both species monopolar-type centrifugal neurons connect the medulla and the lamina, whereas that of A. salina has a wide laminar distribution. Both species also have amacrine cells in the lamina. The medulla contains, besides those shared with the lamina, transmedullary neurons (two types in A. salina), amacrine cells and neurons originating in the protocerebrum. "Cartridge"-type synaptic compartments are lacking in the investigated species, although a periodic arrangement is discernible in the distal portion of the lamina of A. salina. The receptors from three types of specialized contacts in Artemia, one of which involves a dyad. D. magna has only one-to-one synapses. Neurosecretory fibres are absent in A. salina. Nässel D R DR Elofsson R R Odselius R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Cell Tissue Res 0417625 IM Animals Artemia anatomy & histology Axons ultrastructure Daphnia anatomy & histology Eye innervation Models, Neurological Nerve Endings ultrastructure Neurons cytology ultrastructure 567835 1978 12 02 1978 12 02 2003 11 14

0035-7715 29 4 1978 [Effect of popular xylamite on aqueous organisms] 427-32 Luczak J J Rybak M M pol Journal Article Wpływ xylamitu popularnego na organizmy wodne.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Fishes Water Pollutants toxicity 708928 1979 01 26 1979 01 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 20 3 1978 Sep Field verification of cadmium toxicity to laboratory Daphnia populations. 387-93 Marshall J S JS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development Great Lakes Region Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 152574 1979 01 26 1979 01 26 2003 11 14

0323-4398 24 3 1978 [Professional asthma owing to Daphnia-allergy (author's transl)] 191-3 Two workers in a fish food store showed a professional asthma bronchiale against Daphnia. The diagnosis was proofed by typical anamnesis, scratch test, skin test and inhalative provocation test. Meister W W ger Journal Article Berufsasthma infolge Daphnienallergie1).

GERMANY, EAST Allerg Immunol (Leipz) 0314702 0 Allergens IM Adult Allergens Asthma etiology Daphnia English Abstract Female Human Male Middle Aged Occupational Diseases etiology Skin Tests 741466 1979 04 25 1979 04 25 2003 11 14

0249-6402 1 1 1978 Jan [Toxicologic study of a fluorescent tracer: rhodamine B] 23-6 The use of the rhodamine B as fluorescent tracer in hydrology ask the question of its possible toxic effects in the environment. This study aspire to specify and to complete the results of the former works by the successive examinations of the activity of the rhodamine B in regard to the "daphnies test", its DL50 on the rat and on the mouse, and its cutaneous tolerance. The obtained results confirm the former remarks and express that the solutions of the rhodamine B show any more immediate risks as soon as they appear no more coloured (higher dilutions 1.10(-7)). However it remains to evaluate its long-term carcenogenic activity. Rochat J J Demenge P P Rerat J C JC fre Journal Article Contribution à l'étude toxicologique d'un traceur fluorescent: la Rhodamine B.

FRANCE Toxicol Eur Res 7901212 0 Rhodamines 0 Xanthenes IM Animals Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Female Guinea Pigs Lethal Dose 50 Mice Rats Rhodamines toxicity Skin drug effects Species Specificity Xanthenes toxicity 444737 1979 09 01 1979 09 01 2003 11 14

0007-4861 21 4-5 1979 Mar Cadmium toxicity to laboratory and field populations of Daphnia galeata mendotae. 453-7 Marshall J S JS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 444759 1979 09 01 1979 09 01 2003 11 14

0007-4861 21 4-5 1979 Mar Acute toxicity of some experimental road surfacing compounds to Daphnia pulex. 618-23 Bailey G C GC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Naphthalenes 0 Silicone Elastomers 71-23-8 1-Propanol IM 1-Propanol toxicity Animals Construction Materials toxicity Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Naphthalenes toxicity Silicone Elastomers toxicity 451432 1979 08 16 1979 08 16 2003 11 14

0035-7715 30 2 1979 [Locomotor activity of aqueous organisms as a measuring technic of water pollution] 185-9 Luczak J J Rybak M M pol Journal Article Próba zastosowania pomiarów aktywności lokomotorycznej organizmów wodnych jako wskaźnika zanieczyszczenia wód.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 IM Animals Daphnia physiology English Abstract Locomotion Methods Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 465763 1979 10 24 1979 10 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 21 6 1979 Apr Oxygen consumption in Daphnia pulex exposed to 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T. 822-5 Sigmon C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 93-76-5 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid 94-75-7 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid pharmacology 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid pharmacology Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Depression, Chemical Oxygen Consumption drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Temperature 88975 1979 10 24 1979 10 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 21 6 1979 Apr Acute toxicity of dechlorinated DDT, chlordane and lindane to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Daphnia magna. 849-54 Randall W F WF Dennis W H WH Warner M C MC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 12789-03-6 Chlordan 50-29-3 DDT 58-89-9 Lindane IM Animals Chlordan toxicity DDT analogs & derivatives toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Lindane toxicity 313826 1979 10 17 1979 10 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 22 1-2 1979 May Effects of the triazine herbicide cyanatryn on aquatic animals. 135-42 Scorgie H R HR Cooke A S AS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Herbicides, Triazine 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Anura Daphnia metabolism Herbicides, Triazine toxicity Lymnaea metabolism Rana temporaria metabolism Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 486786 1979 12 27 1979 12 27 2003 11 14

0007-4861 22 6 1979 Aug Bioaccumulation and bioamplification of mercury compounds in a second level consumer, Gambusia affinis--temperature effects. 813-8 Boudou A A Delarche A A Ribeyre F F Marty R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Methylmercury Compounds 7439-97-6 Mercury IM Animals Chlorella metabolism Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Fresh Water Mercury metabolism toxicity Methylmercury Compounds metabolism Temperature Time Factors 497420 1980 01 24 1980 01 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 1-2 1979 Sep Sulfotepp, a toxic impurity in formulations of diazinon. 158-64 Meier E P EP Dennis W H WH Rosencrance A B AB Randall W F WF Cooper W J WJ Warner M C MC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Animals Chemistry Daphnia drug effects Diazinon toxicity Drug Contamination Fishes physiology Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Salmon physiology 497445 1980 01 24 1980 01 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 1-2 1979 Sep Bioaccumulation of carbazoles: a potential effluent from synthetic fuels. 73-8 Southworth G R GR Beauchamp J J JJ Schmieder P K PK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbazoles 0 Industrial Waste IM Animals Carbazoles metabolism Daphnia metabolism Half-Life Industrial Waste Petroleum Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 115524 1980 01 24 1980 01 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 4-5 1979 Nov Recovery of 14C-labelled polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in fish tissue using a combusion and a solubilization method of sample preparation for scintillation analysis. 597-600 Niimi A J AJ Burnison G A GA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls IM Animals Carbon Radioisotopes analysis Chlorella Daphnia Fishes metabolism Heat Methods Oxidation-Reduction Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis Solubility Trout 501532 1980 01 19 1980 01 19 2003 11 14

0022-3549 68 9 1979 Sep Simple analogs of the toxin callicarpone. 1116-20 Callicarpone, a component 10 times as toxic to fish as rotenone, has been isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa candicans. It is reasonable to assume that callicarpone will act as an insecticidal agent as does rotenone. Therefore, the structure-activity relationship of callicarpone was examined by synthesizing a series of compounds having certain of its structural features. Those compounds were tested for insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. A study of synthetic analogs elucidated the functional group chemistry of callicarpone so that a synthesis might be undertaken. Piperitone oxide showed approximately 1/100th the activity of rotenone against Daphnia magna. 1-(alpha-Hydroxyisopropyl)-3-oxocyclohexene oxide showed activity against myobacterium while 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene-1,4-dione showed inhibitory activity against the mycobacterium and two yeasts. McChesney J D JD Kabra P M PM Fraher P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Pharm Sci 2985195R 0 Anti-Infective Agents 0 Toxins IM Animals Anti-Infective Agents Daphnia drug effects Structure-Activity Relationship Time Factors Toxins chemical synthesis toxicity 116347 1980 01 28 1980 01 28 2003 11 14

0067-6489 23 1978 [Effect of foschlor (0,0-dimethylphosphonate-2,2,2-trichlor-1-hydroxyethyl) on the water organisms] 149-58 Badyda A A Krasowska A A Lengiewicz I I Próba D D pol Journal Article Wpływ foschloru (0,0-dwumetylofosfonian 2,2,2-trójchloro-1-hydroksyetyl) na organizmy wodne.

POLAND Rocz Akad Med Im Juliana Marchlewskiego Bialymst 7501229 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1406-65-1 Chlorophyll 52-68-6 Trichlorfon IM Algae drug effects Animals Chlorophyll biosynthesis Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Mortality Trichlorfon toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 116352 1980 01 28 1980 01 28 2003 11 14

0067-6489 23 1978 [Effect of thiodan on various physiological processes in Daphnia magna (Crustacea)] 27-34 Krasowska A A Próba D D pol Journal Article Wpływ thiodanu na niektóre procesy fizjologiczne u Daphnia magna (Crustacea).

POLAND Rocz Akad Med Im Juliana Marchlewskiego Bialymst 7501229 115-29-7 Endosulfan IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Endosulfan pharmacology English Abstract Female Fertility drug effects Gastrointestinal Motility drug effects Heart Rate drug effects Litter Size drug effects Mortality Pregnancy 507937 1980 01 28 1980 01 28 2003 11 14

0090-4341 8 3 1979 Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosphate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. 269-78 Folmar L C LC Sanders H O HO Julin A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Herbicides 0 Surface-Active Agents IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Diptera drug effects Fishes physiology Herbicides toxicity Surface-Active Agents toxicity 519041 1980 03 17 1980 03 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 3 1979 Oct An evaluation of the acute toxicity to aquatic biota of a coal conversion effluent and its major components. 349-56 Parkhurst B R BR Bradshaw A S AS Forte J L JL Wright G P GP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste IM Animals Coal Daphnia physiology Industrial Waste analysis toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollution 391303 1980 03 17 1980 03 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 6 1979 Dec Utilization of bacterial colony counters to count early instar water fleas (Daphnia magna). 837-9 LeBlanc G A GA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 IM Animals Bacteriological Techniques instrumentation Daphnia physiology 7356137 1980 04 17 1980 04 17 2003 11 14

0003-2697 101 1 1980 Jan 1 Reverse-phase liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids after reaction with o-phthalaldehyde. 61-5 Gardner W S WS Miller W H WH 3rd eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Anal Biochem 0370535 0 Amino Acids 0 Indicators and Reagents 643-79-8 o-Phthalaldehyde IM Amino Acids analysis Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods Daphnia analysis Indicators and Reagents o-Phthalaldehyde 7357098 1980 05 14 1980 05 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 1 1980 Jan Selenium toxicity to Daphnia magna, Hyallela azteca, and the fathead minnow in hard water. 102-7 Halter M T MT Adams W J WJ Johnson H E HE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Selenium toxicity Time Factors 7357104 1980 05 14 1980 05 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 1 1980 Jan Behavior of trifluralin in aquatic model ecosystems. 134-41 Yockim R S RS Isensee A R AR Walker E A EA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Toluidines 1582-09-8 Trifluralin IM Algae metabolism Animals Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Models, Theoretical Snails metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors Toluidines toxicity Trifluralin metabolism toxicity 583409 1980 05 14 1980 05 14 2003 11 14

0147-6513 3 4 1979 Dec Interest of the experimental trophic chains as ecotoxicological models for the study of the ecosystem contaminations. 411-27 Ribeyre F F Boudou A A Delarche A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Environmental Pollutants 7439-97-6 Mercury IM Animals Chlorella metabolism Cyprinodontiformes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Environmental Pollutants analysis Environmental Pollution Food Food Contamination Mercury toxicity Models, Biological Salmon metabolism Temperature Time Factors Tissue Distribution 535726 1980 05 23 1980 05 23 2003 11 14

0016-6731 92 3 1979 Jul Enzyme polymorphism and cyclic parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. I. Selection and clonal diversity. 953-70 Genotype frequencies and fecundities were recorded over a period of two years for three polymorphic enzyme loci (Est, Mdh and Got) in a parthenogenetic natural population of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera). There was a large excess of heterozygotes at each locus, and some nonrandom association between loci, although 29 different three-locus genotypes were detected. There were small but significant changes in genotype frequencies that did not follow any clear seasonal cycles or overall trends, and the genotypes often differed significantly in fecundity, although the direction of the difference was not constant. These fitness differences were probably not attributable to the specific loci studied.--Models of balancing selection are of two types: segregation-balanced (e.g., heterosis) and competition-balanced (e.g., frequency dependence). Only the latter type can stabilize diversity in a clonal population. The observed selection was not heterotic, but it is not certain that it was stabilizing either. Clonal competition did not lead to victory by a single, fittest clone; genotypic diversity remained high. Young J P JP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 0 Enzymes IM Animals Daphnia genetics Enzymes genetics Female Gene Frequency Heterozygote Homozygote Parthenogenesis Time Factors Variation (Genetics) 535727 1980 05 23 1980 05 23 2003 11 14

0016-6731 92 3 1979 Jul Enzyme polymorphism and cyclic parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. II. Heterosis following sexual reproduction. 971-82 Cyclical parthenogenesis exaggerates the force of selection relative to recombination and will therefore enhance interlocus effects. Observations of electrophoretic variation in a natural population of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera) are interpreted in this light. Sexual reproduction led to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but heterozygote excesses rapidly developed at each of three observed loci during subsequent parthenogenesis. Homozygote fecundity was often lower than that of heterozygotes; this may have been the cause of some of the observed frequency changes. The superior fitness of the enzyme heterozygotes does not imply that selection was necessarily acting on the enzyme loci thermselves, since apparent heterosis is the expected result of linkage disequilibrium. Young J P JP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 0 Enzymes IM Animals Daphnia genetics Enzymes genetics Female Gene Frequency Heterozygote Male Parthenogenesis Sex Behavior, Animal physiology Variation (Genetics) 539835 1980 05 23 1980 05 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 8 5 1979 Photolysis of heptachlor and cis-chlordane and toxicity of their photoisomers to animals. 509-18 Podowski A A AA Banerjee B C BC Feroz M M Dudek M A MA Willey R L RL Khan M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 12789-03-6 Chlordan 76-44-8 Heptachlor IM Animals Chlordan toxicity Daphnia Fishes Heptachlor toxicity Isomerism Male Photolysis Plants Rats Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 231941 1980 05 23 1980 05 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 8 5 1979 Acute toxicity studies of surfactants to Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex. 599-612 Maki A W AW Bishop W E WE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Alkanesulfonates 0 Surface-Active Agents IM Alkanesulfonates toxicity Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Surface-Active Agents toxicity 7362904 1980 06 27 1980 06 27 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 2 1980 Feb Evaluation of in vitro enzyme inhibition for screening petroleum effluents. 244-50 Armant D R DR Buikema A L AL Jr Rutherford C L CL Cairns J J Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste EC 1.1.1.49 Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase IM Animals Daphnia Drug Interactions Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase antagonists & inhibitors Goldfish Industrial Waste toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Petroleum Time Factors 540553 1980 06 16 1980 06 16 2001 11 14

0147-6513 3 2 1979 Jun New challenges to ecotoxicology. 116-21 Smeets J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM S Biodegradation Chemistry, Physical Daphnia Ecology trends Legislation, Drug trends Plants Toxicology trends United States 80156510 7369784 1980 06 25 1980 06 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 9 1 1980 Uptake, depuration, and distribution of selenium in Daphnia and its effects on survival and ultrastructure. 23-40 Selenium is an important essential nutritional trace element which has been shown to provide protection against certain other metal poisoning. However, it is a suspected carcinogen and teratogen. The uptake, depuration, and toxicity of selenium in Daphnia pulex have been examined. The LC50 at 48 and 96 hr for juvenile animals is 0.6 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L respectively, and for adults it is 1.3 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively. Uptake in adult unfed animals is rapid, reaching a maximum at about 12 hr, but depuration is slow. In fed animals, uptake is slower, reaching a maximum at 96 hr, but initial depuration is followed by a slower prolonged loss. Localization in cells is primarily in the cytoplasmic compartment although evidence is presented which suggests nucleolar localization. Ultrastructural damage is detected by 16 hr after exposure and is initially confined to the mitochondria. Dense deposits accumulate in the mitochondrial matrices. The nature of these deposits is unknown; they may represent a calcium- or phosphate-selenium complex. With time, the mitochondria degenerate. It is clear that relatively low concentrations of selenium are toxic to these aquatic organisms and render them incapable of survival in the natural environment. Concentrations higher than those lethal to Daphnia can be expected, at least in local areas, from the burning or conversion of fossil fuels. Schultz T W TW Freeman S R SR Dumont J N JN eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Autoradiography Daphnia drug effects metabolism ultrastructure Lethal Dose 50 Selenium metabolism toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Tissue Distribution 7369786 1980 06 25 1980 06 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 9 1 1980 Comparative toxicity of arsenic compounds and their accumulation in invertebrates and fish. 53-63 The toxicity of arsenic III, arsenic V, sodium dimethyl arsenate, and disodium methyl arsenate to stoneflies, snails, amphipods, and trout, and the bioaccumulation of these compounds were studied during a 28-day flow-through test. Daphnia magna were exposed for 21 days in static tests to determine life-cycle effects. All animals were exposed to concentrations of approximately 100 and 1000 microgram/L (as arsenic) of each of the compounds. Arsenic III, the most toxic compound, caused a significant reduction in the survival of amphipods at 1000 microgram As/L after seven days. None of the compounds significantly affected the survival of other test species after 28 days or reduced young production in Daphnia after 14 days of exposure. The concentration of accumulated arsenic in stoneflies, snails, and Daphnia was as much as 131, 99, and 219 times greater than the water concentration, whereas amphipods and rainbow trout contained arsenic residues similar to the controls. Residues in stoneflies, snails, and Daphnia exposed to 1000 microgram As/L were higher than those in animals exposed to 100 microgram As/L, but appeared to reach a steady state after 14 days. Total arsenic accumulation was greatest in organisms exposed to inorganic arsenic, particularly at 100 microgram/L. Spehar R L RL Fiandt J T JT Anderson R L RL DeFoe D L DL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 7440-38-2 Arsenic IM Animals Arsenic metabolism toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Invertebrates metabolism Snails metabolism Time Factors 7379717 1980 08 25 1980 08 25 2003 11 14

0147-6513 4 1 1980 Mar Experiences with test systems using Daphnia magna. 21-5 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chromates 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chromates toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Time Factors Toxicology methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply standards 546945 1980 08 25 1980 08 25 2003 11 14

0021-8561 27 5 1979 Sep-Oct Toxicity and fate of nine toxaphene fractions in an aquatic model ecosystem. 1041-6 Isensee A R AR Jones G E GE McCann J A JA Pitcher F G FG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Agric Food Chem 0374755 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 8001-35-2 Toxaphene IM Algae metabolism Animals Daphnia metabolism Environmental Pollutants metabolism toxicity Fishes metabolism Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Models, Biological Snails metabolism Toxaphene metabolism toxicity 7389634 1980 09 23 1980 09 23 2003 11 14

0147-6513 4 2 1980 Jun Factors determining the bioaccumulation potential of pesticides in the individual compartments of aquatic food chains. 134-57 Ellgehausen H H Guth J A JA Esser H O HO eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Pesticide Residues IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Ecology Fishes Pesticide Residues adverse effects 121548 1980 10 27 1980 10 27 2003 11 14

0098-2164 6 4 1979 Jul-Aug Reaction of freshwater phyto- and zooplankton to pesticides. 487-93 The reaction of plankton to the toxic effect of pesticides is considered at four levels: the cell, the organism, the population, and the biocenosis. The basis for the methodological approach to evaluation of response at the cell level was the principle of phase reactions. Depending on concentration, the pesticides may either suppress or stimulate the plankton organisms. Temperature may be decisive intoxic effects (pesticides are effective in a range of 15 to 25 degrees C). Most pesticides having algacidal activity are effective in a range of concentrations of 1-10 mg/liter. Phytoplankton as a whole has a high buffer capacity with respect to pesticides. Changes in ratios of basic components of phytoplankton effected by pesticides most often lead to a change of the dominant. Analogical changes are characteristic also for zooplankton; pesticides lead to the elimination of water fleas from its composition. The stimulating effect of a low concentration of pesticides, changes in the functional activity of the components of bacterial plankton, and changes coupled with this in biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and phosphorous as well as elimination of water fleas from the plankton promotes the development of "secondary" eutrophication, that is, an increase in the biomass of the phytoplankton. Braginskii L P LP Breskaravainaya V D VD Shcherban' E P EP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR 7513560 0 Herbicides, Urea 0 Pesticides 330-54-1 Diuron 330-55-2 Linuron IM Algae drug effects Animals Comparative Study Cyanobacteria drug effects Daphnia drug effects Diuron pharmacology Eutrophication drug effects Herbicides, Urea pharmacology Linuron pharmacology Pesticides administration & dosage pharmacology toxicity Phytoplankton drug effects Plankton drug effects Temperature Zooplankton drug effects 7397431 1980 10 21 1980 10 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 6 1980 Jun Effects of sublethal concentrations of selenium on metabolism and filtering rate of Daphnia pulex. 929-35 Reading J T JT Buikema A L AL Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Oxygen Consumption drug effects Selenium pharmacology 7408820 1980 11 24 1980 11 24 2003 11 14

0013-9351 22 2 1980 Aug Morphological and ultrastructural effects of sublethal cadmium poisoning on Daphnia. 277-84 Griffiths P R PR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 7440-70-2 Calcium IM Animals Cadmium Poisoning pathology Calcium metabolism Cell Membrane metabolism Daphnia drug effects Electron Probe Microanalysis Intestines drug effects Microscopy Microscopy, Electron Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Microvilli metabolism Mitochondria metabolism 7423475 1980 12 16 1980 12 16 2003 11 14

0040-7453 105 18 1980 Sep 15 [Bird mortality and monitoring the environment (author's transl)] 787-91 Birds are useful parameters in studying toxicological contamination of the environment. Birds can be heard and seen, breeding results and feeding patterns being recorded on a rather extensive scale in the Netherlands. Since 1974, a working party was constituted to study normal and abnormal death of birds. This group consists of members of ornithological and veterinary institutes as well as local field workers, bird revalidation centres and bird preservation and protection groups. In 1979, approximately 2,000 birds were available for post-mortem and bacteriological, virological and toxicological studies. The cases of poisoning were classified into acute and chronic, accidental and crop-protecting effects. In the Laboratory of the Central Veterinary Institute, Poultry Department, the birds suspected of poisoning are screened by a biological-toxicological standard method using Lebistes and Daphnia. Pseudo-poisoning is caused in nature by Pasteurellosis, accidents, etc. Investigations are restricted by predation, the likelihood of finding of dead birds and retention of dead birds of prey for taxidermy. Acute poisoning in the Netherlands is mostly associated with protection of crops, nuisance caused by pigeons and other birds in gardens. Some cases of poisoning are due to quarrels between neighbours and people who poison game-birds out of revenge. Chronic poisoning is caused by metals such as lead pellets from cartridges. Chronic and acute poisoning continue to occur as a result of illegal use of prohibited insecticides. Smit T T dut Journal Article Vogelsterfte en milieubewaking.

NETHERLANDS Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 0031550 IM Animals Bird Diseases mortality Birds English Abstract Environmental Pollution Netherlands Poisoning mortality veterinary 7426761 1981 01 16 1981 01 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 2 1980 Aug Acute toxicity of cyanate to Daphnia magna. 194-6 Dauchy J W JW Waller W T WT Piwoni M D MD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Cyanates 0 Cyanides IM Animals Cyanates toxicity Cyanides toxicity Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 7426775 1981 01 16 1981 01 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 2 1980 Aug Effects of acid precipitation on Daphnia magna. 298-304 Parent S S Cheetham R D RD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acids 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Acids toxicity Aging Animals Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water analysis Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Oxygen analysis Time Factors 7426783 1981 01 29 1981 01 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 3 1980 Sep Effects of Roundup herbicide on populations of Daphnia magna in a forest pond. 353-7 Hildebrand L D LD Sullivan D S DS Sullivan T P TP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Herbicides 1071-83-6 glyphosate 56-40-6 Glycine IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water Glycine analogs & derivatives toxicity Herbicides toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 7426788 1981 01 29 1981 01 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 3 1980 Sep Relationship of per cent mortality of four species of aquatic biota from 96-hour sediment bioassays of five Lake Michigan harbors and elutriate chemistry of the sediments. 394-9 Hoke R A RA Prater B L BL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Arthropods physiology Chemistry Daphnia physiology Great Lakes Region Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7436544 1981 01 29 1981 01 29 2003 11 14

0090-4341 9 5 1980 Toxicity of underground coal gasification condenser water and selected constituents to aquatic biota. 543-55 DeGraeve G M GM Overcast R L RL Bergman H L HL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Industrial Waste IM Animals Coal Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Fossil Fuels Industrial Waste toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Trout physiology 7436545 1981 01 29 1981 01 29 2003 11 14

0090-4341 9 5 1980 Acute and embryo-larval toxicity of phenolic compounds to aquatic biota. 557-68 Because of the prevalence of phenolic compounds in various types of effluents, both acute and embryo-larval bioassays were performed on eight phenolic compounds with rainbow trout, fathead minnows and Daphnia pulicaria. In flow-through bioassays, the 96-hr LC50 values for rainbow trout and fathead minnows ranged from < 0.1 mg/L for hydroquinone to > 100 mg/L for resorcinol. Daphnia pulicaria was consistently the least sensitive species tested as measured in 48-hr bioassays, while fathead minnows and rainbow trout varied in their relative sensitivity to phenolics as measured in 96-hr tests. Fathead minnows were more sensitive to phenol at 25 degrees C than at 14 degrees C. In embryo-larval bioassays with phenol, fathead minnow growth was significantly reduced by 2.5 mg/L phenol, while rainbow trout growth was significantly reduced by 0.20 mg/L phenol. For both species the embryo-larval effects concentration was 1.1% of the 96-hr LC50. Another embryo-larval bioassay was attempted with p-benzoquinone, a highly toxic phenolic compound found in fossil fuel processing wastewaters, which was discontinued because the compound was rapidly degraded chemically or biologically in the headtank and aquaria. DeGraeve G M GM Geiger D L DL Meyer J S JS Bergman H L HL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Phenols IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Eggs Fishes embryology physiology Fresh Water analysis Larva drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Phenols analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Trout embryology physiology 7437557 1981 02 26 1981 02 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 4 1980 Oct Oxygen consumption of zooplankton as affected by laboratory and field cadmium exposures. 547-53 Kettle W D WD deNoyelles F F Jr Lei C H CH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium pharmacology Daphnia metabolism Oxygen Consumption drug effects Plankton metabolism Reproduction drug effects Zooplankton metabolism 7454616 1981 03 24 1981 03 24 2003 11 14

0301-0244 32 1 1980 Jan-Feb Remarks about some pharmacopoieal safety tests for plastics and elastomers. 85-90 A survey of the biological methods for quality control of plastics and elastomers included in pharmacopoeias is given. The value of some of these methods (test for pyrogen-like substances, test for acute systemic toxicity in mice, tests on frog hearts, on Daphnia magna and on rat sperm, mode of extraction) is discussed. Jacker H J HJ eng Journal Article

POLAND Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 0366561 0 Irritants 0 Plastics 0 Pyrogens 9006-04-6 Rubber IM Animals Anura Drug Evaluation, Preclinical methods Germany, East Heart drug effects In Vitro Irritants Mice Pharmacopoeias Plastics standards toxicity Pyrogens toxicity Quality Control Rats Rubber standards toxicity Safety Skin drug effects 7459457 1981 04 21 1981 04 21 2000 12 18

0007-4861 24 5 1980 May Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea (Daphnia magna). 684-91 LeBlanc G A GA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Daphnia drug effects Human Lethal Dose 50 Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6893944 1981 04 21 1981 04 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 5 1980 May Model ecosystem, toxicity, and uptake evaluation of 75Se-selenite. 752-8 Nassos P A PA Coats J R JR Metcalf R L RL Brown D D DD Hansen L G LG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7782-49-2 Selenium 7783-00-8 Selenious Acid IM Animals Culex metabolism Cyprinodontiformes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Selenious Acid Selenium metabolism toxicity Snails metabolism 6779883 1981 04 21 1981 04 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 1 1980 Jul Toxicity of a coal liquefaction product to aquatic organisms. 1-6 Giddings J M JM Parkhurst B R BR Gehrs C W CW Millemann R E RE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Phenols 7440-44-0 Carbon IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Carbon analysis Coal Cyanobacteria drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fuel Oils analysis toxicity Petroleum toxicity Phenols analysis Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 7459473 1981 04 21 1981 04 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 1 1980 Jul Acute toxicity of potassium dichromate to Daphnia magna as a function of the water quality. 113-7 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chromates 7439-95-4 Magnesium 7440-70-2 Calcium 7732-18-5 Water 7778-50-9 Potassium Dichromate IM Animals Calcium pharmacology Chromates toxicity Daphnia drug effects Hardness Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Magnesium pharmacology Potassium Dichromate toxicity Water pharmacology 7225610 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 1 1981 Jan Reproducibility of a life-cycle toxicity test with Daphnia magna. 1-8 Parkhurst B R BR Forte J L JL Wright G P GP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acridines 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Acridines toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Female Reproduction drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7225618 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 1 1981 Jan A rapid and easy method to introduce Daphnia magna into test vessels. 22-3 König P P Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Daphnia Methods Water 7225625 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 1 1981 Jan Whole organism 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a potential application in aquatic toxicity evaluations. 73-6 Waller W T WT Sherry A D AD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7723-14-0 Phosphorus IM Animals Chironomidae Daphnia Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy methods Phosphorus analysis Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 7013872 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 1 1981 Jan A reevaluation of the toxicity of coal conversion process waters. 9-15 Parkhurst B R BR Meyer J S JS DeGraeve G M GM Bergman H L HL eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 108-95-2 Phenol 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia toxicity Animals Coal Daphnia Phenol Phenols toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Trout Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6 7235746 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0090-4341 10 1 1981 Stressed bioassay systems for rapid screening of pesticide residues. Part I: Evaluation of bioassay systems. 9-24 Bowman M C MC Oller W L WL Cairns T T Gosnell A B AB Oliver K H KH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Pesticide Residues IM Animals Arthropods metabolism Biological Assay Crustacea metabolism Culex metabolism Daphnia metabolism Decapoda (Crustacea) metabolism Pesticide Residues analysis 6113094 1981 08 27 1981 08 27 2003 11 14

0306-4492 69C 1 1981 Toxicity of eight solvent extraction chemicals and of cadmium to water fleas, Daphnia magna, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. 83-98 Dave G G Andersson K K Berglind R R Hasselrot B B eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 7503763 0 Solvents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Animals, Newborn physiology Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fishes embryology physiology Larva Salmonidae physiology Solvents toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trout physiology Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7242103 1981 08 10 1981 08 10 2003 11 14

0022-5193 87 3 1980 Dec 7 The cost of meiosis with alternation of sexual and asexual generations. 517-28 Charlesworth B B eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Theor Biol 0376342 IM Animals Daphnia genetics Female Male Meiosis Models, Genetic Mutation Probability Reproduction Reproduction, Asexual 7250003 1981 09 15 1981 09 15 2003 11 14

0147-6513 5 2 1981 Jun Lead uptake and release in an experimental trophic chain. 177-93 Vighi M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-92-1 Lead IM Algae metabolism Animals Daphnia metabolism Ecology Fishes metabolism Lead metabolism Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 7260428 1981 10 29 1981 10 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 5 1981 May A Chironomus tentans bioassay for testing synthetic fuel products and effluents, with data on acridine and quinoline. 601-5 Cushman R M RM McKamey M I MI eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acridines 0 Quinolines 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Acridines toxicity Animals Biological Assay Chironomidae drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Diptera drug effects Fossil Fuels toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Quinolines toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7260429 1981 10 29 1981 10 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 5 1981 May Survival and fecundity of Daphnia pulex on exposure to particulate oil. 606-12 Wong C K CK Engelhardt F R FR Strickler J R JR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Emulsions 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Emulsions Female Fuel Oils toxicity Male Particle Size Petroleum toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7263276 1981 10 14 1981 10 14 2003 11 14

0018-067X 45 3 1980 Dec Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia carinata king. 313-21 Fifteen populations of the cladoceran crustacean, Daphnia carinata, were examined for allozyme variation at sixteen gene loci. Individuals of this cyclic parthenogen were heterozygous at only 2.1 per cent of their loci. Large differences in gene frequencies existed among the populations. Within populations genotypic frequencies were in good agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations, and remained stable during annual cycles of population growth. Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between the allelic variants at two leucine aminopeptidase loci in certain populations, suggesting that the loci are tightly linked and that populations of D. carinata are founded from few individuals. Hebert P D PD Moran C C eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 0 Enzymes 0 Isoenzymes IM Alleles Animals Daphnia genetics Enzymes genetics Gene Frequency Genes, Structural Genotype Isoenzymes genetics Variation (Genetics) 7026655 1981 12 21 1981 12 21 2003 11 14

0360-1234 16 4 1981 Effects of red-headed in sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, nuclear polyhedrosis virus on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and Daphnia pulex. 493-509 The effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the red-headed pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were investigated. The fish were exposed to this virus by intubation and topical application and no ill-effects were observed. Similarly, no ill-effects were detected in Daphnia pulex when the same NPV was added to their culture medium. The materials were lyophilized, NPV-infected sawfly larvae (normally used for insect control), lyophilized, uninfected larvae and purified, polyhedral inclusion bodies. On the basis of these laboratory tests, this virus, when disseminated as a biocontrol agent, should present no hazard to rainbow trout or to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia pulex, two species frequently used in toxicity tests of chemical pesticides. Hicks B D BD Geraci J R JR Cunningham J C JC Arif B M BM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 IM Animals Daphnia microbiology Fish Diseases microbiology Hymenoptera microbiology Insect Control Insect Viruses pathogenicity Larva microbiology Salmonidae microbiology Trout microbiology Virus Diseases etiology 7288475 1981 12 22 1981 12 22 2003 11 14

0270-6474 1 9 1981 Sep Cellular interactions and pattern formation in the development of the visual system of Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). II. Induced retardation of optic axon ingrowth results in a delay in laminar neuron differentiation. 945-55 Groups of embryonic photoreceptors in one side of the compound eye of Daphnia were irradiated with an ultraviolet microbeam at a stage when the cells were postmitotic but had yet to elaborate axons. Immediately after irradiation, the embryos were placed under fluorescent illumination. On the average, 16 of the irradiated photoreceptors were killed by the exposure. Previous observations suggest that an approximately equal number were rescued by the post-irradiation fluorescent illumination. The schedule of differentiation of the rescued photoreceptors was affected such that their axons arrived at the target region in the optic lamina from 2 to 10 hr after they would have normally. Serial section electron microscopic analysis showed that differentiation of laminar neurons contacted by the delayed axons also was delayed by a length of time corresponding to the delay in axon arrival. These and previous observations indicate that the differentiation of laminar neurons is triggered by contact with optic axons and can be initiated over a period of several hours after these cells become postmitotic. Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Neurosci 8102140 IM Animals Axons physiology Cell Differentiation Daphnia growth & development Embryo, Nonmammalian physiology Eye cytology growth & development ultrastructure Female Microscopy, Electron Neurons physiology Photoreceptors physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 7289546 1981 12 19 1981 12 19 2003 11 14

0321-5040 15 3 1981 [Toxicologic and hygienic studies of water regenerated from oxidant-containing released moisture] 56-9 Toxic-hygienic examinations of water reclaimed from peroxide-containing technical fluids have shown that the water needs further purification using sorbents that contain a reducing agent. In the absence of the latter the reclaimed water exerts adverse effects on certain hematological parameters. Pak Z P ZP Koloskova Iu S IuS Bezumova Iu E IuE Petina V P VP Spiriaeva M M MM rus Journal Article Toksikologo-gigienicheskie issledovaniia vody, regenerirovannoĭ iz vlagovydeleniĭ, soderzhashchikh okisliteli.

USSR Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 0417736 0 Peroxides 7732-18-5 Water IM S Animals Comparative Study Daphnia English Abstract Fishes Life Support Systems Male Peroxides toxicity Ranidae Rats Time Factors Water pharmacology Water Intoxication physiopathology Water Supply analysis 82034333 7296064 1982 01 28 1982 01 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 3 1981 Sep Acute and chronic toxicities of boric acid to Daphnia magna Straus. 309-15 Lewis M A MA Valentine L C LC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Boric Acids 11113-50-1 boric acid 7440-42-8 Boron IM Animals Boric Acids toxicity Boron analysis Daphnia growth & development physiology Lethal Dose 50 Reproduction drug effects Time Factors Water Supply analysis 7296065 1982 01 28 1982 01 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 3 1981 Sep Influence of a co-solvent (acetone) and ultrasonication on the acute toxicity of a quaternary amine (Aliquat 336) and an organophosphorus compound (HDEHP) to Daphnia magna. 316-25 Berglind R R Dave G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Ammonium Compounds 0 Organophosphorus Compounds 0 Phosphoric Acid Esters 0 Solvents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 298-07-7 di-2-(ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid 5137-55-3 trioctylmethylammonium 67-64-1 Acetone IM Acetone toxicity Ammonium Compounds toxicity Animals Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Organophosphorus Compounds toxicity Phosphoric Acid Esters Solvents toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Ultrasonics Water Pollutants, Chemical Water Supply analysis 7296068 1982 01 28 1982 01 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 3 1981 Sep Acute toxicity of an in situ shale oil process wastewater and its major components to Daphnia magna. 338-43 Burnham L N LN Melvin W W WW Buchan R M RM eng 5 T01 0H07039-06 PHS Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia analysis Animals Daphnia physiology Industrial Waste analysis Lethal Dose 50 Petroleum Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6457673 1982 01 20 1982 01 20 2003 11 14

0037-9026 175 4 1981 [Acute toxicity of two phenylcarbamates: propham and chloropropham] 496-500 The bibliographic data dealing with the acute toxicity of two phenylcarbamates, propham and chloropropham, are not very precise an often contradictory. This work is a restatement and also a demonstration of the high sensitivity of the aquatic animals that we have tested (Amphibia and Crustacea) in comparison with the Mammals (rat and mouse). Caporiccio B B Tournamille J J Michel R R fre Journal Article Etude de la toxicité aiguë de deux Phénylcarbamates: le propham et le chloropropham.

FRANCE C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 7505439 0 Carbamates 0 Herbicides, Carbamate 101-21-3 Chlorpropham 122-42-9 propham IM Animals Carbamates Chlorpropham toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia English Abstract Herbicides, Carbamate toxicity Human Lethal Dose 50 Mice Pleurodeles Rabbits Rats Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Triturus Xenopus 6171211 1982 01 28 1982 01 28 2003 11 14

0090-4341 10 5 1981 Sep Biological effects of kepone and mirex in freshwater invertebrates. 531-9 Acute and chronic toxicity studies of Kepone (chlordecone) and mirex were conducted with daphnids (Daphnia magna), amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus), and larvae of a midge (Chironomus plumosus). Acute toxicities of Kepone ranged from a 48-hr EC50 of 350 microgram/L for midges to a 96-hr LC50 of 180 microgram/L for amphipods, whereas the acute toxicities of mirex to all three taxa exceeded 1000 microgram/L. Maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATC's) for Kepone and mirex were estimated by measuring reproduction of daphnids, growth of amphipods, emergence of midges, and survival of all organisms. MATC for Kepone was estimated to be between 9 and 18 microgram/L for daphnids, between 1 and 2 microgram/L for amphipods, and between 8.4 and 18 microgram/L for midges; MATC for mirex exceeded 34 microgram/L for daphnids and midges, but less than 2.4 microgram/L for amphipods. The concentration of Kepone and mirex accumulated by daphnids was 760 and 8025 times, respectively, the concentration in water. Estimated times for elimination of 50% of the residues by daphnids were 141 hr for Kepone and 12 hr for mirex. Sanders H O HO Huckins J J Johnson B T BT Skaar D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 143-50-0 Chlordecone 2385-85-5 Mirex IM Animals Chironomidae physiology Chlordecone metabolism toxicity Crustacea physiology Daphnia physiology Fresh Water Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Invertebrates physiology Mirex metabolism toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 7306708 1982 02 12 1982 02 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 4 1981 Oct Use of an electronic particle counter to determine the number of young Daphnia magna in ecotoxicological reproduction tests. 440-1 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Reproduction drug effects Toxicology instrumentation 6459811 1982 04 12 1982 04 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 5 1981 Nov Comparative study of the trophic transfer of two mercury compounds-HgCl2 and CH3HgCl-between Chlorella vulgaris an Daphnia magna. Influence of temperature. 624-9 Boudou A A Ribeyre F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Methylmercury Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 115-09-3 methylmercuric chloride 7439-97-6 Mercury 7487-94-7 Mercuric Chloride IM Animals Chlorella metabolism Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Ecology Mercuric Chloride Mercury metabolism Methylmercury Compounds metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7066504 1982 06 24 1982 06 24 2000 12 18

0365-9615 93 1 1982 Jan [Daphnias as biological antagonists of NAG-vibrios] 48-50 Avtsyn A P AP Shakhlamov V A VA Trager R S RS Petrova T P TP rus Journal Article Dafnii kak biologicheskie antagonisty NAG-vibrionov.

USSR Biull Eksp Biol Med 0370627 IM Daphnia microbiology physiology Vibrio Water Microbiology 7337850 1982 06 14 1982 06 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 6 1981 Dec Oxygen consumption and filtering rate of Daphnia pulex after exposure to water-soluble fractions of naphthalene, phenanthrene, No. 2 fuel oil, and coal-tar creosote. 783-9 Geiger J G JG Buikema A L AL Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hydrocarbons 0 Naphthalenes 0 Phenanthrenes 8021-39-4 Creosote 85-01-8 phenanthrene 91-20-3 naphthalene IM Animals Creosote pharmacology Daphnia drug effects physiology Fuel Oils Hydrocarbons pharmacology Naphthalenes pharmacology Oxygen Consumption drug effects Phenanthrenes pharmacology 7066538 1982 06 21 1982 06 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 28 1 1982 Jan Sensitivity of Daphnia magna Straus against eight chemotherapeutic agents and two dyes. 1-2 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Anti-Infective Agents IM Animals Anti-Infective Agents toxicity Daphnia drug effects 7066545 1982 06 21 1982 06 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 28 1 1982 Jan Ecotoxicity of coal gasifier solid wastes. 39-45 Cushman R M RM Brown D K DK Edwards N T NT Giddings J M JM Parkhurst B R BR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Trace Elements 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Coal Daphnia drug effects Industrial Waste analysis Plants drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trace Elements analysis Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7066547 1982 06 21 1982 06 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 28 1 1982 Jan Effects of naphthalene on the hemoglobin concentration and oxygen uptake of Daphnia magna. 52-7 Crider J Y JY Wilhm J J Harmon H J HJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hemoglobins 0 Naphthalenes IM Animals Behavior, Animal drug effects Daphnia drug effects metabolism Hemoglobins analysis Naphthalenes toxicity Oxygen Consumption drug effects 7342310 1982 07 08 1982 07 08 2003 11 14

0035-7715 32 4 1981 [Toxicity of water pollutants estimated by measurement of the locomotor activity of Daphnia magna] 345-9 Rybak M M pol Journal Article Ocena toksyczności zanieczyszczenia wód za pomoca pomiarów aktywnoĉi lokomotorycznej Daphnia magna.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Chlorophenols 0 Naphthalenes 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 70645-04-4 xylamit 8002-74-2 Paraffin IM Animals Chlorophenols toxicity Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Fresh Water Locomotion Naphthalenes toxicity Paraffin analogs & derivatives toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply 7103560 1982 09 24 1982 09 24 2003 11 14

0090-4341 11 3 1982 Acute toxicity of cadmium, zinc, and cadmium-zinc mixtures to Daphnia magna. 291-6 Attar E N EN Maly E J EJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects Drug Interactions Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Time Factors Zinc toxicity 7112569 1982 10 21 1982 10 21 2003 11 14

0249-6402 4 2 1982 Mar [Interest of some biological criteria in studying daphnids contaminated by cadmium nitrate (author's transl)] 83-7 Three biological criteria were studied on daphnids after 28 days of contamination with three different concentrations of cadmium (5, 10, 15 micrograms/l), such as mortality, dry weight and reproduction rate relative to general metabolic state of the crustacea. The value of Cl50-28 exceed 15 micrograms/l for dry weight and mortality determinations, on the other hand it is only 10 micrograms/l for reproduction rate. The latter appears as the most sensible criteria. Férard J F JF Jouany J M JM Vasseur P P fre Journal Article Utilisation de quelques critères d'études biologiques dans les intoxications à moyen terme de daphnies par du nitrate de cadmium.

FRANCE Toxicol Eur Res 7901212 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Body Weight drug effects Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Reproduction drug effects 7114891 1982 10 29 1982 10 29 2003 11 14

0090-4341 11 4 1982 Stressed bioassay systems for rapid screening of pesticide residues. Part II: Determination of foliar residues for safe reentry of agricultural workers into the field. 447-55 Bowman M C MC Oller W L WL Kendall D C DC Gosnell A B AB Oliver K H KH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Pesticide Residues IM Agriculture Animals Crustacea Daphnia Pesticide Residues analysis Soil analysis Trees analysis 7114892 1982 10 29 1982 10 29 2003 11 14

0090-4341 11 4 1982 Filtration and phototactic behavior as indices of chronic copper stress in Daphnia magna straus. 457-63 Flickinger A L AL Bruins R J RJ Winner R W RW Skillings J H JH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Behavior, Animal drug effects Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Female Light 7117189 1982 12 02 1982 12 02 2003 11 14

0147-6513 6 4 1982 Aug Evaluating the hazard of organic substances on aquatic life: the paradichlorobenzene example. 369-78 Calamari D D Galassi S S Setti F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 106-46-7 4-dichlorobenzene IM Animals Biodegradation Chlorobenzenes analysis toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fishes Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 7123093 1982 12 03 1982 12 03 2000 12 18

0035-7715 33 1-2 1982 [Effect of layer formation in water-mineral oil mixtures on plankton and on the sanitary evaluation of water. I. Studies under laboratory conditions] 81-8 Ranke-Rybicka B B pol Journal Article Wpływ rozwarstwiania sie mieszaniny woda-oleje mineralne na plankton i sanitarna ocene jakości wody. I. Badania w warunkach laboratoryjnych.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Emulsions 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8020-83-5 Mineral Oil IM Daphnia drug effects Emulsions adverse effects English Abstract Mineral Oil adverse effects Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects Water Supply standards 6181839 1982 12 16 1982 12 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 29 2 1982 Aug Interference of insoluble particles with the reproduction toxicity test using Daphnia magna. 127-9 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 1344-28-1 Aluminum Oxide 60650-90-0 silochrome 7631-86-9 Silicon Dioxide 9004-34-6 Cellulose 9004-54-0 Dextrans 9014-76-0 sephadex IM Aluminum Oxide toxicity Animals Cellulose toxicity Daphnia drug effects Dextrans toxicity Female Particle Size Reproduction drug effects Silicon Dioxide toxicity Solubility Toxicology methods 7136048 1982 12 18 1982 12 18 2002 11 01

0303-657X 158 3 1982 [Bronchial asthma following Daphnia allergy] 319-21 In general medical practice too little attention is devoted to daphnia allergy. Therefore in the past 6 years we asked 611 patients with extrinsic and intrinsic asthma whether they have an aquarium in their residence resp. whether they use fish-food with dried daphnia. 43 patients with atopic asthma and allergic rhinitis were exposed, 28 of them had high positive Prick-test-reaction with daphnia extracts. All these sensitized patients had their symptoms in connection with the exposition to dried daphnia. But nobody told spontaneously about this special cause of symptoms. After avoiding contact to daphnia all patients became free from symptoms. Therefore it is recommended always to ask for daphnia exposition when making the allergic case history. Meister W W ger Journal Article Asthma bronchiale infolge Daphnienallergie.

GERMANY, EAST Z Erkr Atmungsorgane 7503239 IM Adolescent Asthma etiology immunology Child Daphnia immunology Diagnosis, Differential English Abstract Human Respiratory Hypersensitivity etiology immunology Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial immunology 7151588 1983 03 11 1983 03 11 2003 11 14

0253-9624 16 5 1982 Sep [Studies on accumulation of methyl mercury in aquatic food chains] 281-4 Xiu R Q RQ chi Journal Article

CHINA Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 7904962 0 Methylmercury Compounds 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae metabolism Animals Daphnia metabolism English Abstract Fishes metabolism Methylmercury Compounds metabolism Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 6823522 1983 03 17 1983 03 17 2003 11 14

0091-7443 60 1983 On the pathways of neural development. 1-17 Levinthal C C Levinthal F F eng NS-09821 NS NINDS RR-00442 RR NCRR Journal Article

UNITED STATES Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 7505942 IM Animals Cell Differentiation Comparative Study Daphnia growth & development Fishes growth & development Ganglia growth & development Genes Mathematics Models, Neurological Morphogenesis Nervous System growth & development Optic Nerve growth & development Photoreceptors cytology Superior Colliculus growth & development Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 7159384 1983 03 24 1983 03 24 2003 11 14

0264-6021 207 2 1982 Nov 1 Erythrocruorin from the water-flea Daphnia magna. Quaternary structure and arrangement of subunits. 297-303 The subunit structure of erythrocruorin from the cladoceran Daphnia magna was studied. The native protein was found to have a sedimentation coefficient (S2(20), w) of 17.9 +/- 0.2 S and a molecular weight, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium, of 494 000 +/- 33 000. Iron and haem determinations gave 0.312 +/- 0.011% and 3.84 +/- 0.04%, corresponding to minimal molecular weights of 17900 +/- 600 and 16 100 +/- 200 respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis gave one band with mobility corresponding to a molecular weight of 31 000 +/- 1 500. The molecular weight of the polypeptide chain determined by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M-guanidinium chloride and 0.1 M-2-mercaptoethanol is 31 100 +/- 1300. On a molecular-weight basis, Daphnia erythrocruorin is composed of 16 identical polypeptide chains carrying two haem groups each. The native structure is stable between pH5 and 8.5. At alkaline and acidic pH, a gradual decrease in the sedimentation coefficient down to 9.8S occurs. Above pH 10 and below pH4, a slow component with S20, w between 2.7S and 4.0S is observed. The 2.7S, 4.0S and 9.8S species are identified as single-chain subunits, subunit dimers and half-molecules respectively. We propose a model for the molecule composed of 16 2.7S subunits grouped in two layers stacked in an eclipsed orientation, the eight subunits of each layer occupying the vertices of a regular eight-sided polygon. Support for this arrangement is provided from electron microscopy and from analysis of the pH-dissociation pattern. Ilan E E Weisselberg E E Daniel E E eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Biochem J 2984726R 0 Erythrocruorins 0 Hemoglobins 0 Macromolecular Systems 0 Peptides IM Animals Daphnia analysis Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Erythrocruorins Hemoglobins Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Macromolecular Systems Microscopy, Electron Models, Molecular Molecular Weight Peptides analysis Ultracentrifugation 6219638 1983 04 07 1983 04 07 2003 11 14

0090-4341 11 6 1982 Nov Chronic effects of inorganic and organic mercury on Daphnia magna: toxicity, accumulation, and loss. 769-74 Biesinger K E KE Anderson L E LE Eaton J G JG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Methylmercury Compounds 0 Phenylmercury Compounds 115-09-3 methylmercuric chloride 7439-97-6 Mercury 7487-94-7 Mercuric Chloride IM Absorption Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Mercuric Chloride Mercury metabolism toxicity Methylmercury Compounds metabolism toxicity Phenylmercury Compounds metabolism toxicity Reproduction drug effects 6830309 1983 04 15 1983 04 15 2003 11 14

0090-4341 12 1 1983 Jan Effect of loading density on the acute toxicities of surfactants, copper, and phenol to Daphnia magna Straus. 51-5 Lewis M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Phenols 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 108-95-2 Phenol 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Phenol Phenols toxicity Surface-Active Agents toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6839037 1983 06 10 1983 06 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 30 2 1983 Feb Effect of pH on acute toxicity of dehydroabietic acid and chlorinated dehydroabietic acid to fish and Daphnia. 133-40 Zanella E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Diterpenes 0 Diterpenes, Abietane 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1740-19-8 dehydroabietic acid 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Animals Chlorine Daphnia Diterpenes toxicity Diterpenes, Abietane Fishes Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6850746 1983 07 29 1983 07 29 2003 11 14

0302-766X 229 2 1983 The fine structure of the gill epithelium of a fresh-water flea, Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Phyllopoda) and changes associated with acclimation to various salinities. I. Normal fine structure. 253-68 Two kinds of epithelial cells, dark and light types, are alternately arranged in the gill of Daphnia magna. The dark cell has numerous mitochondria and an elaborate tubular system containing two kinds of cytoplasmic tubules, small about 70 nm in diameter, and large about 130 nm in diameter. The former occur in bundles and seem to be smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The latter, lined with a ridged surface coat and frequently open at the lateral and basal cell membrane, are regarded as extensions of the cell membrane. The atypical cell membrane of the dark cell is modified by repeated subunits of a cytoplasmic coat on the inner leaflet of the unit membrane. The light cell exhibits a high degree of basal infoldings of the cell membrane, which represent a magnification of the surface area of the cell. Large mitochondria between the infoldings often come into intimate association with the infolded cell membrane to form a regular array of parallel mitochondria interposed with the double cell membranes. The results suggest that at least the dark epithelial cells play an important role in the osmoregulation of this animal. Kikuchi S S eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Cell Tissue Res 0417625 IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia physiology ultrastructure Epithelium ultrastructure Gills ultrastructure Microscopy, Electron Water-Electrolyte Balance 6851924 1983 07 08 1983 07 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 7 1 1983 Feb The significance of the accumulation of cadmium by aquatic organisms. 33-42 Cadmium, by virtue of its toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation appears on the "black list" of all the international conventions aimed at protecting the aquatic environment from pollution. Although there is no doubt that cadmium is both persistent and toxic to aquatic life at relatively low concentrations, its bioaccumulation potential appears to have been somewhat exaggerated. Median concentration factors for both marine and freshwater organisms are less than 100 times and for vertebrate (fish) species concentration factors are less than 20 times. There is no evidence in the literature for biomagnification of cadmium and bioconcentration is only likely to be of significance in a restricted range of gastropod mollusks and some crustacea. Taylor D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium metabolism Daphnia metabolism Drug Interactions Fishes metabolism Mussels metabolism Species Specificity Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 6851925 1983 07 08 1983 07 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 7 1 1983 Feb Accumulation of cadmium in a freshwater food chain experimental model. 43-52 The study of food chain contamination in nature or in the laboratory requires precise definitions of some terms. A simplified model of a freshwater food chain has been elaborated to try to point out hazards related to the presence of cadmium in the aquatic environment. Three different species belonging to various trophic levels, but to the same aquatic systems were used. The required biological and analytical criteria are described. The time course of the experiment was 34 days starting with a 10-day contamination of the first trophic level (algae). The algae were then separated, washed with fresh medium, and given to the second trophic level (daphnids) to eat for 20 days. The third trophic level (fish) was then introduced for 4 days as a scavenger. The methodology was designed to determine the accumulation of cadmium by daphnids and then fish from the algal source. The results show a high direct bioaccumulation of cadmium in algae. The indirect bioaccumulation of daphnids was of the same order of magnitude, but for fish it was smaller. Nevertheless the cadmium transfer from daphnids to fish was obvious. Ferard J F JF Jouany J M JM Truhaut R R Vasseur P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Algae metabolism Animals Cadmium metabolism Chlorella metabolism Crustacea metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Fishes metabolism Food Analysis Models, Biological Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 6133808 1983 07 15 1983 07 15 2003 11 14

0016-9900 3 1983 Mar [Hygienic assessment of the chloroform content of the drinking water] 10-3 Skvortsov A F AF Sergeev E P EP Elakhovskaia N P NP Bonashevskaia T I TI Mamulashvili N I NI rus Journal Article K gigienicheskoĭ otsenke soderzhaniia khloroforma v pit'evoĭ vode.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 67-66-3 Chloroform IM Animals Chloroform toxicity Culicidae Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Guinea Pigs Larva Lethal Dose 50 Male Maximum Allowable Concentration Mice Rats Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply 6820715 1983 07 08 1983 07 08 2003 11 14

0067-6489 26 1982 [Effect of the most frequently used pesticides on various biological parameters in Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea)] 41-5 Urban E E pol Journal Article Wpływ najcześciej stosowanych w rolnictwie pestycydów na niektóre parametry biologiczne Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea).

POLAND Rocz Akad Med Im Juliana Marchlewskiego Bialymst 7501229 0 Drug Combinations 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Herbicides 0 Insecticides 0 Pesticides 1918-00-9 Dicamba 8003-31-4 Chwastox D 94-74-6 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects Dicamba toxicity Drug Combinations toxicity English Abstract Fungicides, Industrial toxicity Heart Rate drug effects Herbicides toxicity Insecticides toxicity Motor Activity drug effects Myocardial Contraction drug effects Pesticides toxicity 6867655 1983 08 11 1983 08 11 2003 11 14

0036-7672 113 18 1983 May 7 ["Aquarium allergy": fish food, another domestic allergen] 658-62 The authors report 7 cases of allergic respiratory diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and bronchitis, induced by non-occupational contact with pet-fish food. Food for pet fish contains proteins of a variety of arthropod species (larvae and adult forms) --e.g. Chironomus, Daphnia, brine shrimps and others --as well as fresh-water worms such as Tubifex, Enchytraea etc. Thus far only hemoglobins of Chironomus have been well studied with regard to their antigenic role; sensitization against Chironomus was noticed in most of our patients. Daphnia is also known to be a specific allergen. Atopic patients often become sensitized against further respiratory allergens (5 out of the 7 patients had a previous allergy against pollen). Accordingly, patients with respiratory diseases of already known allergic origin should, in our opinion, give up not only mammals or birds as household pets but also an aquarium. Knüsel J J Wüthrich B B ger Case Reports Journal Article "Aquarium-Allergie": Fischfutter, auch ein häusliches Allergen.

SWITZERLAND Schweiz Med Wochenschr 0404401 IM Adolescent Adult Animal Feed adverse effects Asthma etiology Conjunctivitis etiology English Abstract Female Fish Products adverse effects Human Intradermal Tests Male Middle Aged Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial etiology 6872916 1983 09 23 1983 09 23 2003 11 14

0147-6513 7 3 1983 Jun Comparative acute toxicities of surfactants to aquatic invertebrates. 313-22 Investigations of the toxicity of surfactants to aquatic invertebrates have been limited primarily to determining the effects on a few species. In this study, the 48-hr LC50 values for three surfactants are reported for six species of aquatic invertebrates. The acute toxicities (LC50) for each surfactant (mg/liter) varied 159 to 580 X and were as follows: C11.8LAS (anionic), 1.7 (Dero sp.) to 270 (Asellus sp.); C14-15 alkylethoxylate (nonionic), 1.0 (Dugesia sp.) to 6.8 (Rhabditis sp.); CTAC (cationic), 0.1 (Gammarus sp.) to 58 (Asellus sp.). When compared to previously developed data, Daphnia magna was typically found to be the most sensitive of all species tested, including fish, to the surfactants. Lewis M A MA Suprenant D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Invertebrates drug effects Species Specificity Surface-Active Agents toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply analysis 6884438 1983 10 28 1983 10 28 2003 11 14

0531-5565 18 2 1983 Resource availability, maternal effects, and longevity. 147-65 Experiments with a clone of the cladoceran Daphnia pulex indicate that the nutritional conditions of the maternal environment play a major role in determining the progeny's phenotype. Apparently, by influencing the physiology and/or morphology of individuals during early development, maternal investment not only enhances juvenile survival but has long-lasting, favorable effects on the progeny's ability to convert resources into growth and reproduction as well as negative repercussions for adult survival of the progeny. Life-span may also be radically altered by modifying food schedules within an individual's life. Neither reproductive effort nor rate of living hypotheses can explain longevity variation within Daphnia clones; rather the onset of senescence appears to be associated with a general breakdown in the ability to incorporate energy into biomass. Analysis of our results as well as earlier data with a "rate of aging-threshold vitality" model suggests that increasing the availability of food to an individual increases the rate of aging while decreasing the threshold vitality necessary for survival and that increasing maternal investment increases both the vitality at birth and the rate of aging of the progeny. Lynch M M Ennis R R eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Exp Gerontol 0047061 IM Animals Daphnia growth & development Energy Intake Longevity Parthenogenesis Phenotype Reproduction Social Environment Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 6612001 1983 10 08 1983 10 08 2003 11 14

0273-2300 3 1 1983 Mar The preparation of ecotoxicological testing methods in the European community. 1-8 Smeets J J Amavis R R Schubert R R Gilliard C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 8214983 IM Animals Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects European Union Fishes Oligochaeta drug effects Toxicology 6612014 1983 10 08 1983 10 08 2003 11 14

0273-2300 3 2 1983 Jun Physicochemical speciation of toxic fractions of wastewaters. 172-7 A physicochemical speciation scheme in tandem with bioassays identified the toxic fractions of the wastewater from a base metal refining and fertilizer complex. The toxic fractions were the leachates from suspended solids, purgeables, and bound metals of the dissolved fraction. Most of the metals were bound to macrosolutes of Mr greater than 30,000 and exchangeable by cation- and weak anion-exchange resins. In contrast, total chromium and surfactants were bound strongly to microsolutes of Mr less than 1500, removable only by strong anion-exchange resin. Ramamoorthy S S Morgan K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 8214983 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biological Assay Daphnia Metals analysis Molecular Weight Sewage analysis Trout Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 6616084 1983 11 23 1983 11 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 31 2 1983 Aug Feeding behavior of Daphnia pulex in crude oil dispersions. 152-7 Wong C K CK Strickler J R JR Engelhardt F R FR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 8002-74-2 Paraffin IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Feeding Behavior drug effects Fuel Oils Paraffin Petroleum Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 6684619 1983 11 23 1983 11 23 2003 11 14

0278-6915 21 4 1983 Aug Study on the toxicity of sodium bromide to different freshwater organisms. 369-78 The toxicity of sodium bromide for freshwater organisms was tested using algae (Scenedesmus pannonicus), crustaceans (Daphnia magna) and fish (Poecilia reticulata and Oryzias latipes). Depending on the species tested, the acute toxicity varied from 44 to 5800 mg Br-/litre (EC50 values) and the No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC values) in the long-term tests varied from 7.8 to 250 mg Br-/litre. Bromide ion markedly impaired reproduction in both crustaceans and fish. Histologically no effects were observed in the long-term test with Oryzias, but in the reproduction test with Poecilia, hyperplasia of the thyroid, atrophy and degeneration of the musculature and regressive changes in the female reproductive tract were observed. As a criterion of water quality, 1 mg Br-/litre has been proposed, on the basis of reproductive performance in the Poecilia test. The concentrations found in surface water frequently exceed this value and sometimes reach levels at which acute effects on water organisms can be expected. Canton J H JH Wester P W PW Mathijssen-Spiekman E A EA eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Food Chem Toxicol 8207483 0 Bromides 0 Sodium Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-23-5 Sodium 7647-15-6 sodium bromide 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Bromides toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Fresh Water Sodium toxicity Sodium Compounds Time Factors Water Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6357107 1983 12 17 1983 12 17 2003 11 14

0090-4341 12 5 1983 Sep Role of particulate organic matter in decreasing accumulation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by Daphnia magna. 559-68 McCarthy J F JF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia metabolism Kinetics Polycyclic Hydrocarbons metabolism Saccharomyces cerevisiae Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants Water Pollutants, Chemical 6651343 1984 01 27 1984 01 27 2003 11 14

0090-4341 12 6 1983 Nov Acute and chronic toxicity of some chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated ethanes, and tetrachloroethylene to Daphnia magna. 679-84 Richter J E JE Peterson S F SF Kleiner C F CF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 127-18-4 Tetrachloroethylene 74-84-0 Ethane IM Animals Chlorobenzenes toxicity Daphnia drug effects Ethane toxicity Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Tetrachloroethylene toxicity 6662055 1984 02 27 1984 02 27 2003 11 14

0147-6513 7 6 1983 Dec Comparative studies on ecotoxicology of synthetic detergents. 538-45 To predict the comparative toxicological response of synthetic detergents on aquatic ecosystems, the effects of various concentrations of neutralized alkyl benzene sulfonate were studied. The median tolerance limit at 48 hr, 95% confidence limit, slope function, presumable harmless concentration, and rate of survival of different species of aquatic fauna such as water fleas (Daphnia magna), mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens), slug worms (Tubifex rivulorum), snails (Lymnaea vulgaris), tadpoles (Rana cyanophlyctis), and fish fingerlings (Cirrhina mrigala) were followed at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr. Any effect on quality of the water was also tested after the addition of various concentrations of detergents. The results showed that water fleas are more susceptible to detergent toxicity than fish fingerlings, tadpoles, slug worms, snails, and mosquito larvae. Behavioral changes were also observed as an index for detergent toxicity. The relative toxicity of the detergents to various species is discussed in relation to selective ecotoxicological response. Lal H H Misra V V Viswanathan P N PN Krishna Murti C R CR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Detergents 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Culex Daphnia Detergents toxicity Fishes Ranidae Snails Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6232735 1984 06 07 1984 06 07 2003 11 14

0249-6402 5 6 1983 Nov [Medium-term Daphnia test. Evaluation of the toxicity of various trace metals in the presence of humic acids] 257-64 Toxicity of copper, cadmium and zinc complexed by the EDTA and HPO4(2)- ligands has recently been studied by the use of the short-term daphnia test. In order to detect the toxicity due to very small quantities of metals present in water in free ionic state or in complexed species formed with humic matters, a medium term test on Daphnia magna has been developed for a better appreciation of lethal and sublethal effects. Collected data are statistically analysed with the use, for instance, of "Lowest Rejected Concentration Tested" previously proposed by Skalski. The test defined in our laboratory allows to point out cadmium concentrations as small as 5 micrograms.l-1. Pommery J J Imbenotte M M Goumard G G Erb F F fre Journal Article Test Daphnie moyen terme. Evaluation de la toxicité de quelques métaux traces en présence d'acides humiques.

FRANCE Toxicol Eur Res 7901212 0 Trace Elements 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Aging Animals Cadmium toxicity Chemistry Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Humic Acids pharmacology Kinetics Time Factors Trace Elements toxicity Zinc toxicity 318534 1989 10 25 1989 10 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 6 4 1977 Absorption and elimination of 14C-alpha- and gamma-chlordane by a freshwater alga, daphnid, and goldfish. 411-20 Moore R R Toro E E Stanton M M Khan M A MA eng ES-01479 ES NIEHS Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 12789-03-6 Chlordan IM Absorption Algae metabolism Animals Chlordan metabolism Comparative Study Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia metabolism Goldfish metabolism Isomerism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 6713145 1984 06 20 1984 06 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 32 4 1984 Apr Acute and chronic toxicity of triclopyr triethylamine salt to Daphnia magna Straus. 497-502 Gersich F M FM Mendoza C G CG Hopkins D L DL Bodner K M KM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Glycolates 0 Herbicides 55335-06-3 triclopyr 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Diet Glycolates toxicity Herbicides toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Oxygen analysis Temperature 6714138 1984 06 19 1984 06 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 8 2 1984 Apr Toxicological evaluation of nitrofurazone and furaltadone on Selenastrum capricornutum, Daphnia magna, and Musca domestica. 101-5 Short-term toxicity of nitrofurans, nitrofurazone, furaltadone tartrate, and furaltadone chlorohydrate, was tested in the laboratory on two freshwater organisms, Selenastrum capricornutum (algae) and Daphnia magna (crustaceans). Toxicity studies with nitrofurazone were also carried out on larval development of the house fly Musca domestica L. Nitrofurazone was invariably the most toxic compound (the 96-hr EC50 of algal species was 1.45 mg/liters; the EC50 values for D. magna were 40.04 and 28.67 mg/liter after 24 and 48 hr, respectively) followed by furaltadone tartrate and furaltadone chlorohydrate. This study provides some evidence of the potential ecotoxicity of nitrofurans, indicating the need for further investigations. Macri' A A Sbardella E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Nitrofurans 0 Oxazolidinones 139-91-3 furaltadon 59-87-0 Nitrofurazone IM Algae drug effects Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Houseflies drug effects Larva Lethal Dose 50 Nitrofurans toxicity Nitrofurazone toxicity Oxazolidinones Species Specificity 6721582 1984 06 11 1984 06 11 2003 11 14

0090-4341 13 2 1984 Mar Reduction in toxicity of organic priority pollutants by pilot-scale conventional wastewater treatment process. 191-6 Horning W B WB 2nd Robinson E L EL Petrasek A C AC Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Sewage Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6721583 1984 06 11 1984 06 11 2003 11 14

0090-4341 13 2 1984 Mar Multiple bioassays to assess the toxicity of a sanitary landfill leachate. 197-206 Plotkin S S Ram N M NM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Garbage Refuse Disposal Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6726344 1984 07 16 1984 07 16 2003 11 14

0270-6474 4 6 1984 Jun Cellular interactions and pattern formation in the visual system of the branchiopod crustacean, Daphnia magna. III. The relationship between cell birthdates and cell fates in the optic lamina. 1486-98 The birthdates of nerve cells in the optic ganglion of the water flea Daphnia magna were determined using [3H]thymidine autoradiography. The analysis was aided by computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction and correlated with serial electron microscopy of the developing visual system. Previous work has shown that the projection from eye to optic ganglion is retinotopic at the level of single cells ( Macagno , E.R., V. LoPresti , and C. Levinthal (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 433-437). Studies of both normal and perturbed development ( LoPresti , V.,E.R. Macagno , and C. Levinthal (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 56-61; Macagno , E.R. (1978) Nature 275: 318-320) have suggested that retinotopy is a consequence of an invariant pattern of sequential growth and cellular interactions. We report here that the laminar cells, the first-order target cells of the visual projection, become postmitotic in an orderly fashion that correlates with their position and connectivity in the adult array. Furthermore, presumptive laminar cells complete their final division just prior to or during initial contact with the growing processes of the visual fibers with which they will form their mature retinotopic contacts. The correlation between times of final division of target cells and the arrival of visual fibers with which they interact provides further indirect evidence that sequential growth and cellular interactions are key factors in establishing normal connectivity in the visual system of arthropods. Flaster M S MS Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Neurosci 8102140 10028-17-8 Tritium 50-89-5 Thymidine IM Animals Autoradiography Daphnia ultrastructure Microscopy, Electron Mitosis Neurons ultrastructure Optic Nerve cytology embryology ultrastructure Retina Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Thymidine diagnostic use Tritium diagnostic use 6145091 1984 07 19 1984 07 19 2003 11 14

0025-8326 2 1984 Mar-Apr [Evaluation of the selective toxicity of larvicides] 72-8 Gleĭberman S E SE Kerbabaev E B EB rus Journal Article Otsenka izbiratel'noĭ toksichnosti larvitsidov.

USSR Med Parazitol (Mosk) 0376635 0 Insecticides IM Animals Comparative Study Culicidae Daphnia English Abstract Fishes Insecticides Larva Lethal Dose 50 6587360 1984 07 24 1984 07 24 2003 11 14

0027-8424 81 11 1984 Jun Effect of selenium deficiency on cuticle integrity in the Cladocera (Crustacea). 3433-7 Daphnia pulex de Geer and Daphnia magna Straus populations cannot be maintained in defined (sensu stricto) media containing less than 0.1 part per billion (ppb) of selenium. A concentration of 1 ppb is sufficient to satisfy minimal needs in otherwise sufficient media. In the first generation with no selenium added to the medium or detected in it, media deficiency is shown by a premature cuticle deterioration visually similar to senescence, by progressive loss of distal segments of second antennae (primary swimming appendages), and by a shortened lifespan. No progeny attain reproductive maturity in the second generation. Although experimental animals in prime condition exhibit a shortened lifespan in the first generation maintained at 0.5 ppb selenium, culture lines can be maintained at 0.5 ppb for indefinite numbers of generations if established as young orthoclones . Tests in organic-rich media indicate a significant sparing effect of organic additions. This selenium requirement is reminiscent of that for the stability of feathers in domestic fowl. Keating K I KI Dagbusan B C BC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Aging Animals Daphnia anatomy & histology physiology Locomotion Selenium deficiency Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 6734503 1984 08 17 1984 08 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 8 3 1984 Jun On the dynamics of chemically stressed populations: the deduction of population consequences from effects on individuals. 254-74 A general, simple, and explicit model for the age-dependent growth and reproduction of individuals as a function of food supply is presented. The model assumes a Holling-type functional response coupled with a von Bertalanffy body growth law, a fixed ratio between the energy utilized for reproduction and respiration, and a juvenile stage that ends as soon as the animal attains a sufficient weight. This model is shown to fit the available data on the development of Daphnia magna quite well. The model is used as a basis for studying the effects of chemicals on population growth rate, given the effects on individuals. Effects on individual growth and reproduction are reflected in a concentration-dependent relative reduction of the population growth rate. Effects on feeding rate, digestion, basal metabolism, and survival work out much more dramatically at low natural population growth rates. This already follows from a much simpler model that assumes age-independent reproduction, as exemplified to a good approximation by the rotifer Brachionus rubens. The theoretical results are supplemented with experimental evidence, implying that the stress on a population at a certain concentration of a chemical may indeed be strongly dependent on the feeding state of that population. Kooijman S A SA Metz J A JA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Environmental Pollutants IM Age Factors Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Environmental Pollutants toxicity Female Male Models, Biological Population Dynamics Population Growth Reproduction drug effects Rotifera drug effects growth & development physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 6145661 1984 08 02 1984 08 02 2003 11 14

0016-9900 4 1984 Apr [Comparative toxicity of inorganic compounds containing 3- and 5-valent arsenic with respect to health standards for water] 9-11 Krasovskiĭ G N GN Pozhidaeva N V NV rus Journal Article Sravnitel'naia toksichnost' neorganicheskikh soedineniĭ, soderzhashchikh trekh- i piativalentnyĭ mysh'iak, v sviazi s ikh gigienicheskim reglamentirovaniem v vode.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-38-2 Arsenic IM Animals Arsenic toxicity Comparative Study Culicidae Daphnia English Abstract Larva Lethal Dose 50 Rats Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply standards 6740328 1984 08 20 1984 08 20 2003 11 14

0036-8075 225 4662 1984 Aug 10 4-Nonylphenol in sewage sludge: accumulation of toxic metabolites from nonionic surfactants. 623-5 Anaerobically treated sewage sludge was found to contain extraordinarily high concentrations of 4-nonylphenol, a metabolite derived from nonionic surfactants of the nonylphenol polyethoxylate type. Concentrations in activated sewage sludge, in mixed primary and secondary sludge, and in aerobically stabilized sludge were substantially lower, suggesting that the formation of 4-nonylphenol is favored under mesophilic anaerobic conditions. Because 4-nonylphenol may be highly toxic to aquatic life, further research is needed on the fate of 4-nonylphenol after sludge is disposed of in the environment. Giger W W Brunner P H PH Schaffner C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Science 0404511 0 Phenols 104-40-5 4-nonylphenol IM Anaerobiosis Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Fishes Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Mass Fragmentography Phenols analysis toxicity Sewage adverse effects analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 6547869 1984 10 12 1984 10 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 1 1984 Jul Acute toxicity of chromate, DDT, PCP, TPBS, and zinc to Daphnia magna cultured in hard and soft water. 63-8 Berglind R R Dave G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Benzenesulfonates 0 Sulfates 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 11067-82-6 tetrapropylenebenzyl sulfonate 471-34-1 Calcium Carbonate 50-29-3 DDT 7440-66-6 Zinc 7733-02-0 Zinc Sulfate 7778-50-9 Potassium Dichromate 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Animals Benzenesulfonates toxicity Calcium Carbonate analysis DDT toxicity Daphnia physiology Motor Activity drug effects Pentachlorophenol toxicity Potassium Dichromate toxicity Sulfates toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply analysis Zinc toxicity Zinc Sulfate 6382211 1984 10 24 1984 10 24 2003 11 14

0032-3756 39 12 1984 Mar 19 [Antigenic properties of allergens and allergoids prepared from Daphnia sp. L] 403-6 Sanokowska E E pol Journal Article Antygenowość alergenu i alergoidu rozwielitek--Daphnia sp. L.

POLAND Pol Tyg Lek 9705468 0 Allergens 0 Allergoid 0 Plant Extracts IM Allergens diagnostic use immunology Animals Coca Daphnia immunology English Abstract Immunologic Techniques Plant Extracts diagnostic use immunology Plants, Medicinal Rabbits 6478083 1984 11 21 1984 11 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 3 1984 Sep Effect of suspended bentonite clay on the acute toxicity of glyphosate to Daphnia pulex and Lemna minor. 355-61 Hartman W A WA Martin D B DB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Herbicides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1071-83-6 glyphosate 1302-78-9 Bentonite 56-40-6 Glycine IM Adsorption Animals Bentonite pharmacology Daphnia drug effects Glycine analogs & derivatives toxicity Herbicides toxicity Particle Size Plants drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6479506 1984 11 05 1984 11 05 2003 11 14

0272-0590 4 4 1984 Aug Acute and environmental toxicity studies with hexazinone. 603-11 The acute toxicity of hexazinone, a herbicide intended for general noncropland areas and selected crop uses (alfalfa and sugarcane), has been evaluated to establish proper handling guidelines and to measure its potential impact on the environment. The material is slightly to moderately toxic when given as a single oral dose; its LD50 in male rats is 1690 mg/kg, in male guinea pigs 860 mg/kg, and in male dogs greater than 3400 mg/kg although in the dog emesis prevented accurate quantitation. When the material is administered intraperitoneally, the LD50 in rats is 530 mg/kg. Repeated doses (five oral doses per week for 2 weeks) of 300 mg/kg to rats produced slight weight loss in one of two replicate experiments. In both studies, no gross or histologic alterations were apparent. Hexazinone is a moderate to severe eye irritant in the rabbit and produced only mild erythema in rabbit skin at 5278 mg/kg, a dose which did not produce lethality or other clinical signs. Subchronic dermal exposures (10 consecutive doses) to rabbits produced increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase at the highest levels tested (680 and 770 mg/kg in two separate experiments) with no effects seen at 150 mg/kg. There were no alterations in livers from treated rabbits examined by light microscopy. No dermal sensitization was produced when concentrations of up to 50% were tested in guinea pigs. One-hour inhalation exposure of up to 7.48 mg/liter did not produce mortality in rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Kennedy G L GL Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Fundam Appl Toxicol 8200838 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Herbicides 0 Irritants 0 Triazines 51235-04-2 hexazinone EC 2.6.1.2 Alanine Transaminase EC 3.1.3.1 Alkaline Phosphatase IM Alanine Transaminase blood Alkaline Phosphatase blood Animals Brachyura Colinus Comparative Study Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Dogs Ducks Environmental Pollutants toxicity Eye drug effects Fishes Guinea Pigs Herbicides toxicity Irritants Lethal Dose 50 Male Oysters Rabbits Rats Skin drug effects Skin Absorption Species Specificity Time Factors Triazines metabolism toxicity Trout 6484524 1984 11 09 1984 11 09 2003 11 14

0300-8665 57 1984 [The application of biotests using aquatic test organisms] 99-108 Kühn R R ger Journal Article Anwendung von Biotesten mit aquatischen Testorganismen.

GERMANY, WEST Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants IM Algae Animals Daphnia microbiology Water Microbiology Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollution prevention & control 6487835 1984 12 20 1984 12 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 4 1984 Oct Multivariate statistical analyses of 96-hour sediment bioassay and chemistry data. 400-9 Laskowski-Hoke R A RA Prater B L BL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Analysis of Variance Animals Biological Assay methods Daphnia drug effects Diptera drug effects Metals analysis Mortality Time Factors Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 6149092 1984 11 28 1984 11 28 2003 11 14

0742-8413 78 2 1984 Effects of fluoride on growth, reproduction and survival in Daphnia magna. 425-31 The effects of waterborne fluoride (NaF) on growth, reproduction and survival in Daphnia magna were studied from subnormal to toxic concentrations in hard reconstituted water. The 24- and 48-hr EC50S for immobilization were 205 and 98 mg F (fluoride) 1(-1). Median survival times for fed and unfed Daphnia were reduced at concentrations of F above 8.9 and 10 mg F1(-1), respectively. Growth, determined as body length after 7 and 21 days, was partially inhibited at all concentrations above 3.7 mg F1(-1). Parthenogenetic reproduction was stimulated by all concentrations (dilution factor 0.5) between 0.45 X 10(-3) mg F1(-1) and 3.7 mg F1(-1) and inhibited by all concentrations above 3.7 mg F1(-1), compared to the control with no waterborne fluoride. The highest concentration with a reproduction (number of live progeny/live female) equivalent to the control after 21 days was 4.4 mg F1(-1). However, a progressive decline in reproduction between 14 and 21 days indicates a slight long-term inhibition above 0.58 mg F1(-1). The "safe" concentration equivalent to the geometric mean of NOEC or MATC for D. magna in hard water is 4.4 mg F1(-1), derived as ZEP, the Zero Equivalent Point, for reproduction after 21 days. Dave G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Fluorides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia growth & development physiology Fluorides toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6149093 1984 11 28 1984 11 28 2003 11 14

0742-8413 78 2 1984 Effects of waterborne iron on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin in Daphnia magna. 433-8 The effects of waterborne iron (FeCl3 X 6H2O) on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin content in Daphnia magna were studied from subnormal to toxic concentrations in hard reconstituted water. Low concentrations of iron stimulated reproduction and haemoglobin synthesis after chronic exposure for 21 days. Maximum reproduction occurred between 0.1 and 1 microgram Fe 1(-1). Juvenile growth was not stimulated by iron but was slightly inhibited between 1 and 8 micrograms Fe 1(-1) and above 128 micrograms Fe 1(-1). A slight inhibition of growth persisted for 21 days. Total haemoglobin content was above the control with no waterborne iron at all but one concentration (512 micrograms Fe 1(-1]. The highest value (3.8 X control value) was found at 2 micrograms Fe 1(-1). The haemoglobin content decreased between 64 and 512 micrograms Fe 1(-1) and increased at higher concentrations. The decrease coincided with an inhibited reproduction. The increase was found in non reproductive survivors. A comparison with a previous study in D. magna suggests that ambient conditions (hardness and pH) and ageing of the water are important for the effects of waterborne iron. At a hardness of 250 mg 1(-1) as CaCO3 and a pH range of 7.0-8.0 the ZEP (Zero Equivalent Point) for reproduction was 158 micrograms Fe 1(-1). Continuous exposure to higher concentrations is expected to lead to extinction of a D. magna population. Dave G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Hemoglobins 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-89-6 Iron IM Animals Daphnia growth & development physiology Hemoglobins analysis Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Iron toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6149094 1984 11 28 1984 11 28 2003 11 14

0742-8413 78 2 1984 Effects of copper on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin in Daphnia magna. 439-43 The effects of additions of CuSO4 X 5H2O to final concentrations between 0.0004 and 105 micrograms Cu l-1 on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin content of Daphnia magna were studied in hard reconstituted water and compared to the response in the dilution water without addition of copper. Concentrations of copper are nominal values. The 48-hr EC50 (immobilization) for unfed neonates was 6.5 micrograms Cu l-1 and the 48-hr and 21-day LC50 for fed neonates were 18.5 and 1.4 microgram Cu l-1, respectively. Growth expressed as body length of juveniles after 7 days and adult females after 21 days was only reduced in survivors at the highest non-lethal concentration (6.6 micrograms Cu l-1). Reproduction was stimulated by low concentrations of copper. Optimal reproduction after 21 days was found between 0.001 and 0.1 microgram Cu l-1. Higher concentrations were partially inhibitory (0.4 microgram Cu l-1), stimulatory (0.8 and 1.6 microgram Cu l-1) or completely inhibitory (3.2 micrograms Cu l-1 and above). The stimulatory peak around 1 microgram Cu l-1 was accompanied by a reduced survival (above 0.4 microgram Cu l-1). The Zero Equivalent Point (ZEP) for reproduction at non-reduced survival was 0.23 microgram Cu l-1. This concentration should be "safe" for D. magna under prevailing conditions (reconstituted water with a hardness of 250 mg l-1 as CaCo3 and a synthetic diet based on fish food and baby gruel). The haemoglobin content was affected by copper in a complex pattern which was not related to growth, reproduction or survival. Dave G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Hemoglobins 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia growth & development physiology Hemoglobins analysis Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6489239 1984 12 18 1984 12 18 2003 11 14

0147-6513 8 5 1984 Oct Biochemical and morphological comparison of microsomal preparations from rat, quail, trout, mussel, and water flea. 423-46 Differential centrifugation methods already in use were applied to purify rat, quail, and trout liver microsomes and modified as necessary to purify microsomes from mussel digestive gland and whole water flea. All these microsomal preparations were comparatively characterized with respect to protein and RNA content, levels of markers of subcellular contaminants, ultrastructural morphology, differential spectra of cytochromes P-450 and b5, monoxygenase activity, and in vitro metabolism of p-dichlorobenzene. Yields of microsomal proteins of the tested organisms differed widely, with mussel showing the lowest yield. Very low levels of nuclear and mitochondrial contaminants were detected in all microsomal preparations, but cell membrane contaminants were clearly present in most preparations. Daphnia microsomes were significantly contaminated by plasma membranes, and hepatopancreas microsomes contained significant amounts of partially disrupted secretory granules and plasma membrane. From a qualitative standpoint differential spectra of cytochrome b5 were very similar for all the preparations, whereas cytochrome P-450 spectra were largely dependent on the microsomal preparation as well as on the assay method used. The content of cytochrome P-450 was highest for rat liver microsomes and very low or absent in Daphnia and mussel preparations; the range of cytochrome b5 contents was much narrower. Significant differences were observed among monoxygenase activities of the different preparations. In Daphnia and mussel microsomes, aniline hydroxylase was absent and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity was much lower than in rat and quail microsomes. Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity of trout liver microsomes was similar to that of rat and quail microsomes, whereas hydroxylation of substrates which in rat liver are preferentially metabolized by phenobarbital-inducible forms of cytochrome P-450 was much lower in trout microsomes. Ade P P Banchelli Soldaini M G MG Castelli M G MG Chiesara E E Clementi F F Fanelli R R Funari E E Ignesti G G Marabini A A Orunesu M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Cytochromes 0 Proteins 106-46-7 4-dichlorobenzene IM Animals Biotransformation Chlorobenzenes metabolism Comparative Study Coturnix Cytochromes metabolism Daphnia Microsomes enzymology metabolism ultrastructure Microsomes, Liver metabolism Mussels Proteins metabolism Rats Rats, Inbred Strains Subcellular Fractions metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trout 6489240 1984 12 18 1984 12 18 2003 11 14

0147-6513 8 5 1984 Oct The water flea (Daphnia magna) as a sensitive indicator for the assessment of toxicity of synthetic detergents. 447-50 The water flea (Daphnia magna) was used as a sensitive indicator for assessing the toxicity due to synthetic detergents. Acute and chronic toxicity of detergents to the water flea was studied under laboratory conditions by following the median tolerance limit (TLM) at 48 hr and the rate of survival. A significant decrease in the rate of reproduction (number of hatching and neonates produced) were found at 21 days. During acute toxicity studies behavioural changes were also noticed. Lal H H Misra V V Viswanathan P N PN Murti C R CR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Detergents 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Detergents toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents toxicity Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6498328 1985 01 04 1985 01 04 2000 12 18

0365-9615 98 10 1984 Oct [Daphnia magna Straus as consumers of enteropathogenic bacteria] 478-80 The ability of Daphnia magna Straus to digest enteropathogenic bacteria, i.e. Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia was studied in a series of experiments. High antibacterial activity of Daphnia magna Straus against these enteropathogenic bacteria was demonstrated by bacteriological and radionuclide methods. Thus, on the 3d-5th day of experiment a complete water clearance was observed in experimental flasks where Daphnia were fed Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia, while attempts to isolate bacteria from these flasks ended in failure. Radionuclide studies disclosed active assimilation of the degradation products of enteropathogenic bacteria by Daphnia throughout the entire experiment. Avtsyn A P AP Trager R S RS Martines T A TA rus Journal Article Daphnia magna Straus kak potrebiteli énteropatogennykh bakteriĭ.

USSR Biull Eksp Biol Med 0370627 IM Comparative Study Daphnia physiology English Abstract Enterobacteriaceae Feeding Behavior Salmonella Shigella Water Microbiology Yersinia 6498364 1985 01 14 1985 01 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 5 1984 Nov Acute toxicity of hydrazine hydrate to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and daphnid (Daphnia pulex). 598-604 Velte J S JS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hydrazines 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 302-01-2 hydrazine 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Fresh Water analysis Hydrazines toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Light Oxygen analysis Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6498365 1985 01 14 1985 01 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 5 1984 Nov Selenium effects on antennal integrity and chronic copper toxicity in Daphnia pulex (deGeer). 605-11 Winner R W RW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-50-8 Copper 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Selenium pharmacology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6594967 1985 01 23 1985 01 23 2003 11 14

0077-8923 426 1984 The formation of three-dimensional biological structures. Computer uses and future needs. 171-80 Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ann N Y Acad Sci 7506858 IM Animals Computers Daphnia Models, Biological Models, Molecular Nerve Net Nervous System Software 6542614 1985 02 14 1985 02 14 2003 11 14

0047-6374 28 1 1984 Nov Arresting development arrests aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. 23-40 Larval development of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, can be arrested by either of two different treatment: (1) complete starvation, or (2) growth in a partially defined culture medium (axenic medium) of strains adapted to bacterial growth. The developmental arrest is complete under total starvation and the starved populations live about 10 days. The developmental block is incomplete in axenic medium; most animals mature but maturation takes 10 times longer than normal. If developmentally arrested cultures are returned to growth on E. coli, both the completely starved and the axenically arrested cultures mature at normal rates. Life-span is prolonged by 1 day for each day of complete starvation; life-span is prolonged by 0.7 days for each day of axenic arrest. These results suggest that aging and development are closely coupled in this system. The results are discussed in terms of previous observations on nutritional deprivation in other invertebrates and caloric restriction in mammals and are interpreted in light of theoretical models of senescence. Johnson T E TE Mitchell D H DH Kline S S Kemal R R Foy J J eng AG-01236 AG NIA AG00952 AG NIA HD-11762 HD NICHD Journal Article

SWITZERLAND Mech Ageing Dev 0347227 0 Culture Media IM Aging Animals Caenorhabditis growth & development Culture Media Daphnia physiology Female Food Deprivation Larva physiology Ovum physiology Rodentia physiology Starvation physiopathology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Time Factors 6522493 1985 03 18 1985 03 18 2003 11 14

0031-9384 33 5 1984 Nov Effects of crepuscular photoenvironment on light-induced behavior of Daphnia. 729-32 Phototactic response rates in the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna were found to increase greatly when cultured under a lighting regime that included simulation of sunset and sunrise. The changes in intensity and color of the crepuscular periods are known to be the primary stimulus for vertical migrations of many planktonic forms, and may have importance to many other animals as well. The value of this type of lighting to investigators of animal behavior and physiology is discussed. Grover P B PB Jr Miller R J RJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Physiol Behav 0151504 IM Animals Behavior, Animal physiology Daphnia physiology Light Motor Activity physiology Periodicity Seasons Temperature 3980769 1985 04 26 1985 04 26 2003 11 14

0021-9967 233 1 1985 Mar 1 Computer reconstruction of all the neurons in the optic ganglion of Daphnia magna. 12-29 The cellular architecture of the Daphnia compound eye visual system was studied by using computer-aided techniques. All the neurons in one half of the bilaterally symmetric optic ganglion (OG) were reconstructed in three dimensions from serial electron micrographs. The techniques employed were those developed by Levinthal and collaborators (Macagno, Levinthal, and Sobel, Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 8:323-351, 1979). The approximately 200 neurons reconstructed were classified according to where they branch in the OG (the lamina and/or the medulla) and whether they send processes to the supraesophageal ganglion and/or across the midplane. Within each class, neurons were further characterized according to cell body location and size and location of their branching fields. Centrifugal processes from neurons with cell bodies not in the OG were also identified. These results provide the bases for a detailed examination of the synaptic connectivity of the identified neurons and for hypotheses concerning their functional roles in visually evoked behaviors. Sims S J SJ Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS RR-0042 RR NCRR Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Comp Neurol 0406041 IM Animals Computers Daphnia anatomy & histology Ganglia anatomy & histology cytology Microscopy, Electron Models, Neurological Photoreceptors cytology Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 3987588 1985 05 30 1985 05 30 2003 11 14

0147-6513 9 1 1985 Feb The use of cohorts and populations in chronic toxicity studies with Daphnia magna: a cadmium example. 26-39 Two semistatic life table experiments with Daphnia magna were carried out on reconstituted and Lake IJssel water. The "nontoxic concentrations" for cadmium with respect to the intrinsic rate of natural increase, derived from age-specific survival and fecundity were 1 and 3.2 micrograms/liter, respectively. Body length appeared to be a sensitive parameter. A third intermittent-flow experiment was started with small, exponentially growing populations. These populations had a stable age distribution, were composed of cohorts of different ages and showed an almost perfect logistic growth. Cadmium was shown to reduce the upper numerical limit (carrying capacity) for D. magna and was inversely related to this parameter: log Y = 2.85 -0.20 log [Cd]; r = -0.99. A "nontoxic concentration" could not be established. Based on the "background" concentration of cadmium, a freshwater quality criterion of 0.1 microgram/liter is proposed. The results are used to discuss several shortcomings of the current methods. Finally it is stated that the introduction of the concepts of population dynamics in reproduction tests with D. magna is a realistic step towards ecotoxicology. van Leeuwen C J CJ Luttmer W J WJ Griffioen P S PS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Actuarial Analysis Animals Cadmium toxicity Chemistry Chlorella drug effects Daphnia drug effects physiology Lethal Dose 50 Population Dynamics Reproduction drug effects Species Specificity Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3921341 1985 05 30 1985 05 30 2003 11 14

0147-6513 9 1 1985 Feb Toxic impact of effluents from petrochemical industry. 84-91 The toxicity of effluents from a petrochemical industry center in southern Finland was tested by conducting bioassays on organisms from three different trophic levels. In fish tests, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were caged at the discharge site and simultaneously at a reference area. The only clear differences, among the measurements of 25 metabolic parameters, were observed in fish liver where activities of two detoxication enzymes were significantly increased in the exposed group. The water flea (Daphnia magna) was used both in acute (EC50) and long-term reproduction tests. No acute lethal toxicity was detected in any of the wastewater samples investigated. A combined effluent, however, caused a reduction in the reproduction rate with an EC50 of 3%. No mutagenic activity was observed with the Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA 97, TA 98, and TA 100) in concentrated effluents, in sediment samples, or in liver samples from predator fish caught from the discharge site. Nikunen E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Glucuronates 0 Metals 0 Proteins 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 576-37-4 Glucuronic Acid EC 2.4.1.17 Glucuronosyltransferase EC 2.6.1.1 Aspartate Aminotransferases EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase blood Animals Aspartate Aminotransferases blood Bile metabolism Chemical Industry Daphnia metabolism Finland Glucuronates blood Glucuronic Acid Glucuronosyltransferase metabolism Metals blood Mitochondria, Liver enzymology Muscles metabolism Mutagenicity Tests Petroleum Proteins metabolism Salmonella typhimurium genetics Salmonidae metabolism Trout metabolism Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3987601 1985 06 17 1985 06 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 9 2 1985 Apr The effects of lead on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, growth, hemoglobin content, and reproduction in Daphnia magna. 216-29 The effects of continuous exposure to lead for various periods and recovery in clean water on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity, hemoglobin content, growth, and reproduction were studied in Daphnia magna. Steady-state inhibition of ALA-D activity was reached within 2 days in 16, 64, and 256 micrograms Pb liter-1, but restoration in clean water was prolonged in relation to previous exposure. In spite of the inhibition of ALA-D activity hemoglobin content increased after 2 days in 16 and 24 micrograms Pb liter-1. Furthermore, hemoglobin content in previously exposed animals increased during recovery in clean water. Maximum hemoglobin content (2.9 times control value) was found after 2 days recovery of animals exposed to 64 micrograms Pb liter-1. These findings suggest that some enzyme(s) other than ALA-D in the biosynthetic pathway of hemoglobin formation is (are) more sensitive to lead. Growth, in contrast to reproduction, was stimulated by low concentrations of lead (less than 64 micrograms Pb liter-1), although in 256 micrograms Pb liter-1 growth was also significantly impaired. After 19 days the 16 and 50% reproductive impairment concentrations were less than or equal to 1 and 10 micrograms Pb liter-1, respectively. Berglind R R Dave G G Sjöbeck M L ML eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hemoglobins 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-92-1 Lead 7782-44-7 Oxygen EC 4.2.1.24 Porphobilinogen Synthase IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Hemoglobins metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lead toxicity Oxygen analysis Porphobilinogen Synthase metabolism Reproduction drug effects Seawater analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6532967 1985 05 28 1985 05 28 2003 11 14

0971-5916 80 1984 Dec Toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus strains to selected target & non-target aquatic organisms. 653-7 Mathavan S S Velpandi A A eng Journal Article

INDIA Indian J Med Res 0374701 IM Animals Bacillus Chironomidae Culex Daphnia Pest Control, Biological Ranidae Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2861028 1985 08 05 1985 08 05 2003 11 14

0742-8413 80 2 1985 The effects of cadmium on ALA-D activity, growth and haemoglobin content in the water flea, Daphnia magna. 407-10 The ALA-D activity, haemoglobin content and growth was studied in the water flea, Daphnia magna, exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 micrograms Cd/l. The ALA-D activity in water fleas exposed to 0.2-1.6 micrograms Cd/l fluctuated around the control value. The activity in animals exposed to 0.1 micrograms Cd/l decreased during the entire experiment. After 16 days exposure to cadmium the haemoglobin content in water fleas ranged between 80 and 31% of control value. In animals exposed to 0.8 and 1.6 micrograms Cd/l the haemoglobin content decreased progressively during the experiment. Growth was not affected by cadmium at these concentrations. Berglind R R eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Hemoglobins 7440-43-9 Cadmium EC 4.2.1.24 Porphobilinogen Synthase IM Animals Cadmium pharmacology Daphnia drug effects metabolism Hemoglobins metabolism Porphobilinogen Synthase metabolism Subcellular Fractions metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 4006832 1985 08 05 1985 08 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 9 3 1985 Jun An example of interaction between environmental pollutants: modification of thiram toxicity to freshwater organisms by nitrites or nitrates in relation to nitrosamine synthesis. 327-38 Thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, is known to evolve to dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) when associated with nitrites. Conditions of appearance of that carcinogenic compound have been studied in short-term experiments by association of the fungicide, nitrates or nitrites, and species representative of freshwater biota. DMNA has been estimated by GLC equipped with a specific detector. Chlorella vulgaris can rapidly produce nitrites from nitrates and DMNA is obtained in presence of thiram. Daphnia magna can also synthesize DMNA but nitrites have to be added to the medium. Increased toxicity of thiram is observed. The same results are obtained on Cyprinus carpio and for a part on Brachydanio rerio. When the species are associated in a 15-day experimental food chain, and intoxicated algae feed the two other levels, no significant transfer is observed. Nevertheless, some DMNA hazard may exist for particular species exposed to thiram associated with nitrites or even nitrates if algae are present. Jouany J M JM Truhaut R R Vasseur P P Klein D D Ferard J F JF Deschamps P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Nitrates 0 Nitrites 0 Nitrosamines 0 Thiocarbamates 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 137-26-8 Thiram IM Algae drug effects Animals Chemistry Crustacea drug effects Drug Interactions Fishes physiology Nitrates toxicity Nitrites toxicity Nitrosamines toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Thiocarbamates toxicity Thiram toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4016297 1985 09 19 1985 09 19 2003 11 14

0007-4861 34 6 1985 Jun Inorganic chemical composition of trout food pellets and alfalfa used to sustain Daphnia magna Straus. 890-6 Cowgill U M UM Emmel H W HW Takahashi I T IT eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals IM Animal Feed analysis Animals Daphnia physiology Fresh Water analysis Medicago sativa analysis Metals analysis Trout 4026720 1985 09 25 1985 09 25 2003 11 14

0005-0423 62 4 1985 Apr Echinura uncinata infestation in mute swan cygnets (Cygnus olor). 132 Griffiths G L GL Hopkins D D Wroth R H RH Gaynor W W eng Case Reports Journal Article

AUSTRALIA Aust Vet J 0370616 IM Animals Australia Bird Diseases epidemiology pathology Birds Daphnia parasitology Disease Reservoirs veterinary Female Male Nematoda Nematode Infections epidemiology pathology veterinary Proventriculus parasitology pathology Species Specificity 4027402 1985 10 03 1985 10 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 1 1985 Jul Acute and chronic toxicity of technical picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) to Daphnia magna Straus. 121-6 Gersich F M FM Hopkins D L DL Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Picolinic Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1918-02-1 Picloram IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Picloram toxicity Picolinic Acids toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4027430 1985 10 01 1985 10 01 2000 12 18

0007-4861 35 2 1985 Aug Application of acute bioassays in evaluating the treatment of coal liquefaction wastewaters. 249-57 Feeley T J TJ 3rd Drummond C J CJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia analysis Biological Assay Coal Daphnia drug effects Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4033755 1985 10 08 1985 10 08 2003 11 14

0028-0836 316 6029 1985 Aug 15-21 Water fleas as population model. 577-8 Lawton J H JH eng News

ENGLAND Nature 0410462 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Models, Biological Population Dynamics 4041641 1985 11 06 1985 11 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 3 1985 Sep Acute toxicity of four phenoxy herbicides to aquatic organisms. 314-21 Alexander H C HC Gersich F M FM Mayes M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Dimethylamines 0 Herbicides 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 2008-39-1 2,4-D amine 25168-26-7 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid isooctyl ester 26544-20-7 (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid isooctyl ester 94-74-6 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid 94-75-7 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid analogs & derivatives toxicity 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid analogs & derivatives toxicity Animals Daphnia physiology Dimethylamines toxicity Fishes physiology Herbicides toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4041647 1985 11 06 1985 11 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 3 1985 Sep Daphnia magna as an indicator of the acute toxicity of waste waters. 368-74 Nikunen E E Miettinen V V eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chromates 0 Industrial Waste 0 Potassium Compounds 7789-00-6 potassium chromate(VI) IM Animals Chromates analysis Daphnia physiology Industrial Waste adverse effects Paper Potassium Compounds Sewage adverse effects analysis Wool 4043467 1985 11 18 1985 11 18 2003 11 14

0011-9083 171 8 1985 [Contact dermatitis caused by Daphnia] 523-4 Metzner H H HH ger Case Reports Journal Article Kontaktekzem durch Daphnien.

GERMANY, EAST Dermatol Monatsschr 0232053 IM Animal Feed adverse effects Animals Daphnia Dermatitis, Contact diagnosis etiology Eyelid Diseases diagnosis etiology Fishes Human Male Middle Aged Skin Tests 4052657 1985 12 10 1985 12 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 4 1985 Oct Acute toxicity of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, and aldicarb sulfone to Daphnia laevis. 546-50 Foran J A JA Germuska P J PJ Delfino J J JJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Carbamate 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 116-06-3 Aldicarb 1646-87-3 aldicarb sulfoxide 1646-88-4 aldicarb sulfone IM Aldicarb analogs & derivatives analysis toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects Insecticides, Carbamate toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply analysis 3902346 1985 11 25 1985 11 25 2003 11 14

0305-0491 82 1 1985 The structure of invertebrate extracellular hemoglobins (erythrocruorins and chlorocruorins). 1-15 The knowledge accumulated over the last 30 years concerning the subunit structures of the invertebrate extracellular hemoglobins permits us to classify them into four distinct groups. Single-domain, single-subunit hemoglobins consisting of single, heme-binding polypeptide chains which have a molecular mass of ca. 16 KDa. These molecules are found in multicellular parasitic organisms such as the trematodes Dicrocoelium and Fasciolopsis and in a few insects, namely in the adult Anisops and in the larvae of Chironomus and of Buenoa. Two-domain, multi-subunit hemoglobins consisting of 30-37 KDa polypeptide chains each containing two, linearly connected heme-binding domains, which form polymeric aggregates with molecular masses ranging from 250 to 800 KDa. These hemoglobins are found extensively among the carapaced branchiopod crustaceans: Caenestheria, Daphnia and Lepidurus hemoglobins have been found to consist of 10, 16 and 24 two-domain chains, respectively. Judging from their electron microscopic appearances, some of the hemoglobins may possess different molecular symmetries. Multi-domain, multi-subunit hemoglobins consisting of two or more polypeptide chains, each comprising many heme-binding domains of ca. 15-20 KDa each. Examples of this class are found among the carapaceless branchiopod crustaceans, the planorbid snails and the clams from the families Astartidae and Carditidae. Artemia hemoglobin consists of two chains of ca. 125 KDa, each containing 8 heme-binding domains. Planorbis and Helisoma hemoglobins possess a molecular mass of ca. 1700 KDa and consist of 10 chains of 170-200 KDa. Astarte and Cardita hemoglobins appear in electron micrographs as rod-like polymers of variable dimensions, 20-30 nm in diameter and 20-100 nm in length and consist of polypeptide chains of ca. 300 KDa. The crustacean and gastropod hemoglobins vary in their electron microscopic appearance and may possess different molecular symmetries. Single-domain, multi-subunit hemoglobins consisting of aggregates of several small subunits, some of which are disulfide-bonded and not all of which contain heme. These molecules are widely distributed among the annelids and possibly also among the pogonophores. They are characterized by a two-tiered, hexagonal electron microscopic appearance, with a vertex-to-vertex diameter of 30 nm and a height of 20 nm, an acidic isoelectric point, a sedimentation coefficient of 50-60 S and a low iron content of 0.24 +/- 0.03%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Vinogradov S N SN eng HL 25952 HL NHLBI Journal Article Review

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol B 2984730R 0 Erythrocruorins 0 Hemeproteins 0 Hemoglobins 0 Macromolecular Systems 24869-67-8 chlorocruorin 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Comparative Study Erythrocruorins genetics metabolism Extracellular Space metabolism Hemeproteins genetics metabolism Hemoglobins metabolism Invertebrates metabolism Macromolecular Systems Oxygen metabolism Phylogeny Protein Binding Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 172 2865073 1985 12 16 1985 12 16 2003 11 14

0742-8413 82 1 1985 Modulation of substrate-specific glutathione S-transferase activity in Daphnia magna with concomitant effects on toxicity tolerance. 37-42 Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was measured in Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia reticulata using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and ethacrynic acid (EA) as conjugation substrates. Levels of GST activity were comparable between species with CDNB; however, D. magna had nearly twice the GST activity with EA as compared to C. reticulata. GST activity with CDNB was elevated from exposure of daphnids to either CDNB or sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP), but not from exposure to EA. GST activity with EA could not be modulated from exposure to CDNB or EA. GST activity towards CDNB and EA was biochemically separated into different protein fractions suggesting the existence of two distinct isozymes. Preexposure of daphnids to CDNB or PCP increased the organisms' tolerance to the toxic effects of PCP, but not CDNB. LeBlanc G A GA Cochrane B J BJ eng R23-GM30891 GM NIGMS Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Epoxy Compounds 0 Nitrobenzenes 0 Nitrophenols 5255-75-4 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane 58-54-8 Ethacrynic Acid 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol 97-00-7 Dinitrochlorobenzene 99-54-7 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene EC 2.5.1.18 Glutathione Transferase IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects enzymology Dinitrochlorobenzene pharmacology Enzyme Induction drug effects Epoxy Compounds pharmacology Ethacrynic Acid pharmacology Glutathione Transferase metabolism Nitrobenzenes pharmacology Nitrophenols pharmacology Pentachlorophenol pharmacology Substrate Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 4074929 1986 02 17 1986 02 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 5 1985 Nov Effects of four agricultural pesticides on Daphnia pulex, Lemna minor, and Potamogeton pectinatus. 646-51 Hartman W A WA Martin D B DB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Pesticides toxicity Plants drug effects Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3940573 1986 02 17 1986 02 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 36 1 1986 Jan Renewal device for test solutions in Daphnia toxicity tests. 95-100 Jop K M KM Rodgers J H JH Jr Price E E EE Dickson K L KL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Industrial Waste Species Specificity Toxicology instrumentation Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4081779 1986 02 12 1986 02 12 2003 11 14

0048-9697 46 1985 Nov Correlation of metal ion toxicities to mice. 113-9 Recently reported correlations of acute ip LD50 metal ion toxicities to mice by Turner et al. (1983), have been re-investigated using the ion-specific parameters reported by Kaiser (1980) for sublethal metal ion toxicities to Daphnia magna. For the 15 ions with partially or completely filled d-shells, Rh(III), Fe(III), Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Pd(II), Ni(II), Au(III), Zn(II), Pt(II), Ag(I), Cu(II), In(III), Hg(II), and Cd(II), a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.76 is found. This is a significant improvement over the value of r2 = 0.36 observed for the 14 divalent metal ions by Turner et al. with the softness parameter sigma as the independent variable. This re-investigation proves the applicability of the ionization potential and redox potential derived parameters for the quantitative correlation of metal ion toxicities to both aquatic and terrestrial biota. Kaiser K L KL eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Cations 0 Metals IM Animals Cations Comparative Study Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Mice Oxidation-Reduction Rats Species Specificity 4085381 1986 02 26 1986 02 26 2003 11 14

0147-6513 10 2 1985 Oct Influence of benzene on the phytoplankton and on Daphnia pulex in compartments of an experimental pond. 218-27 Benzene, with initial concentrations of 100 and 50 mg per liter, was dosed in duplicates into four compartments of a small pond. The decrease of chemical concentration in the water was exponential with a mean half-life of 4.7 +/- 0.9 days. Following benzene application, the phytoplankton density and diversity slightly increased relative to the controls. Both concentrations were lethal for the daphnids present. During 24-hr in vitro tests with Daphnia pulex (initial benzene concentrations less than 50 mg per liter), a direct correlation between mobility and decreasing chemical concentration was observed. Lay J P JP Schauerte W W Peichl L L Klein W W Korte F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 71-43-2 Benzene 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Benzene pharmacology Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Half-Life Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Oxygen analysis Phytoplankton drug effects Plankton drug effects Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Water Pollutants, Chemical 3937572 1986 04 01 1986 04 01 2003 11 14

0764-4469 301 13 1985 [Study model of the mid-range ecotoxicity of chemical substances] 615-9 Semi-chronic ecotoxic effects are measured by studying mortality and reproduction of daphnids, grown in toxic medium and fed with toxic chlorellae during 4 weeks. Toxic biosorption is controlled analytically. Toxicity of Cd++ at a concentration of an order of magnitude of by liter is revealed after 14 days. Cr6+ appears non toxic at concentrations under 25 micrograms/l. Jouany J M JM Vasseur P P Ferard J F JF Lelandais D D Truhaut R R fre Journal Article Modèle d'étude de l'écotoxicité à moyen terme des substances chimiques.

FRANCE C R Acad Sci III 8503078 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-47-3 Chromium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Chlorella Chromium toxicity Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3956433 1986 05 07 1986 05 07 2003 11 14

0147-6513 11 1 1986 Feb Effects of metal salt mixtures on Daphnia magna reproduction. 9-14 Three binary metal experiments were conducted using a "complete block design"; testing the chlorides of Cd, Hg, and Zn individually and in combinations of Cd-Hg, Cd-Zn, and Zn-Hg on Daphnia magna reproduction. These mixtures were tested at one-half, once, and twice the 16% reproductive impairment concentration previously determined for individual metals. The Cd-Hg, Cd-Zn, and Zn-Hg mixtures all showed significant reductions in reproduction at concentrations where the metal salts alone caused no significant effect. Biesinger K E KE Christensen G M GM Fiandt J T JT eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-97-6 Mercury 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Drug Interactions Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Mercury toxicity Metals toxicity Reproduction drug effects Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zinc toxicity 3956459 1986 04 30 1986 04 30 2003 11 14

0013-9351 39 2 1986 Apr The uptake of cadmium from a dietary and soluble source by the crustacean Daphnia magna. 290-8 Daphnia were exposed to radioactively labeled cadmium in solution and in the presence of Chlorella which had been preloaded with the metal to varying extents. Illuminated algal cells retained the cadmium and greatly reduced its availability to the daphnids. Autoradiographic evidence was obtained which implicated the exoskeleton as a major sink for the cadmium taken up from solution. Cadmium in solution at a concentration close to the 48 hr LC50 level did not affect respiration during the first 6 hr of exposure. Retention patterns were similar, regardless of the source of cadmium, but ecdysis resulted in a considerable loss of body burden provided that this had been acquired via a predominantly soluble route. Carney G C GC Shore P P Chandra H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium metabolism Chlorella metabolism Daphnia metabolism Diet Oxygen Consumption Solubility Time Factors 3834440 1986 06 13 1986 06 13 2003 11 14

0031-9376 28 6 Suppl 1985 Dec Morphological evidence of mechanoreceptive gravity perception in a water flea, Daphnia magna. S149-50 Meyers D G DG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Physiologist 0401143 IM S Animals Daphnia physiology ultrastructure Gravitation Mechanoreceptors physiology Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 86206315 3708177 1986 07 02 1986 07 02 2003 11 14

0007-4861 36 5 1986 May Chronic toxicity of 4-nitrophenol to Daphnia magna Straus under statis-renewal and flow-through conditions. 730-7 Francis P C PC Grothe D W DW Scheuring J C JC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Nitrophenols 100-02-7 4-nitrophenol IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Nitrophenols administration & dosage toxicity Reproduction drug effects 3709407 1986 06 27 1986 06 27 2003 11 14

0147-6513 11 2 1986 Apr Bioconcentration of lipophilic compounds by some aquatic organisms. 184-97 With nondegradable, lipophilic compounds having log P values ranging from 2 to 6, direct linear relationships have been found between the logarithms of the equilibrium bioconcentration factors, and also reciprocal clearance rate constants, with log P for daphnids and molluscs. These relationships permit calculation of the times required for equilibrium and significant bioconcentration of lipophilic chemicals. Compared with fish, these time periods are successively shorter for molluscs, then daphnids. The equilibrium biotic concentration was found to decrease with increasing chemical hydrophobicity for both molluscs and daphnids. Also, new linear relationships between the logarithm of the bioconcentration factor and log P were found for compounds not attaining equilibrium within finite exposure times. Hawker D W DW Connell D W DW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Mollusca metabolism Regression Analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 3709460 1986 07 03 1986 07 03 2003 11 14

0091-6765 65 1986 Mar Environmental fate and aquatic toxicology studies on phthalate esters. 337-40 A comprehensive environmental fate and effects testing program, sponsored by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) Phthalate Esters Program Panel, has been completed. Based on the results, a preliminary safety assessment has shown that all of the 14 commercially important phthalates tested have sufficiently high safety factors to demonstrate low potential for adverse environmental effects. This program comprised acute toxicity studies on nine representative species of aquatic life, chronic reproduction studies on Daphnia magna, biodegradation (fate) testing, and physicochemical property (mobility) determinations on 14 phthalate esters. The objectives of this program were to determine for each test compound: The concentration at which effects on aquatic life might occur, the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic life, and the relative persistence in the environment. These data would provide the basis for an environmental safety assessment and would identify potential effects that might require further investigation. A total of 195 individual studies were carried out. Tests on a wide variety of aquatic organisms representing different food chain levels in both fresh and salt water environments showed that no single test species was unusually sensitive to the test materials. The higher molecular weight (longer side-chain) phthalates exhibited no toxic effects up to their limits of water solubility in the test systems. Even though the lower molecular weight, more water-soluble phthalates produced toxic effects below their limits of water solubility, no product exhibited unusually severe effects of concern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Group E F EF Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Biotransformation Fishes Fresh Water Invertebrates drug effects Phthalic Acids toxicity Seawater Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3719124 1986 08 07 1986 08 07 2003 11 14

0007-4861 36 6 1986 Jun Effect of extended sublethal exposure to sodium selenite on Ceriodaphnia affinis. 876-80 Owsley J A JA McCauley D E DE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-49-2 Selenium 7783-00-8 Selenious Acid IM Animals Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Selenious Acid Selenium toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Temperature Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3719137 1986 08 21 1986 08 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 1 1986 Jul Bioaccumulation of fossil fuel components during single-compound and complex-mixture exposures of Daphnia magna. 125-32 Dauble D D DD Carlile D W DW Hanf R W RW Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Aniline Compounds metabolism Animals Biological Transport Daphnia metabolism Fuel Oils analysis Kinetics Petroleum analysis Phenols metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 3722715 1986 08 04 1986 08 04 2003 11 14

0260-437X 6 3 1986 Jun Acute toxicity of brass particles to Daphnia magna. 225-8 The aquatic toxicity of brass particles was examined. Acute, 48 hour bioassays were performed using the water flea, Daphnia magna. Tests were conducted with uniform suspensions of uncoated brass particles, brass particles coated with a Teflon solution, silica particles, and titanium dioxide particles. The Teflon coating solution and the supernatant of the brass suspension (after settling of the brass) also were tested. All tests were conducted according to guidelines set forth by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Mean EC50 determinations of 20.0 micrograms l-1 and 23.6 micrograms l-1 were calculated for uncoated brass particles and coated brass particles, respectively. The silica, titanium dioxide, and Teflon each had an EC50 greater than 1 g l-1. Chemical fate studies demonstrated that the brass dissociated to its ionic components of copper and zinc quickly at pH 2.0. At pH 5.0 and 6.5, the dissociation occurred too slowly to account for the observed toxicity. The data suggested that the toxicity is due to filtration by the daphnids and subsequent ingestion. EC50 determinations for the brass particles are nearly identical with published EC50 values for copper salts. Johnson D W DW Haley M V MV Hart G S GS Muse W T WT Landis W G WG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Appl Toxicol 8109495 0 Alloys 0 Water Pollutants 12597-71-6 brass 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Alloys metabolism toxicity Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Water Pollutants toxicity Zinc toxicity 3742087 1986 10 10 1986 10 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 2 1986 Aug Acute toxicity of cadmium and sodium pentachlorophenate to daphnids and fish. 308-16 Hall W S WS Paulson R L RL Hall L W LW Jr Burton D T DT eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chlorophenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Chlorophenols toxicity Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Pentachlorophenol toxicity Species Specificity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3756339 1986 11 19 1986 11 19 2003 11 14

0365-9615 102 9 1986 Sep [Resistance of the alimentary canal of Daphnia magna Straus to the effect of enteropathogenic NAG-vibrios] 342-5 The interrelations between 30 Daphnias and enteropathogenic NAG-vibrios were experimentally investigated. Using histological and immunoserological techniques, NAG-vibrio administration into the medium inhabited by Crustaceous was shown to cause no pathological changes in the animal alimentary canal. Daphnias used these organisms as food. The intestinal epithelium is well protected from mechanical injury by peritrophic membrane, chitinous lining and peritrophic cavity where digestion takes place. Avtsyn A P AP Petrova T P TP rus Journal Article Rezistentnost' pishchevaritel'nogo kanala Daphnia magna Straus k deĭstviiu énteropatogennykh NAG-vibrionov.

USSR Biull Eksp Biol Med 0370627 IM Animals Daphnia microbiology Digestive System anatomy & histology microbiology English Abstract Vibrio pathogenicity 3757868 1986 11 12 1986 11 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 12 1 1986 Aug Effects of fenvalerate on biochemical parameters, survival, and reproduction of Daphnia magna. 70-84 Daphnia magna were exposed to fenvalerate at nominal concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, 0.13, 0.06, and 0.03 micrograms/liter for 21 days. On Days 7 and 21 of exposure, levels of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen, and lipid were measured, and the results were related to survival and reproduction during the 21-day test period. Survival was not significantly (alpha = 0.05) affected by the 21-day exposure; however, reproduction was reduced at fenvalerate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/liter. On Day 7, protein, RNA, ADP, caloric equivalents, and glycogen were also significantly reduced at fenvalerate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/liter. Thus, these biochemical parameters identified the same no observable effect concentration (NOEC) as did reproduction. Variables derived from biochemical parameters were related to reduced protein growth and reproduction. Decreases in protein/RNA and glycogen/lipid ratios and increases in ADP/DNA, ADP/ATP, protein/RNA/DNA, and lipid/DNA ratios were observed at Day 7 for those daphnia exposed to 0.5 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate. The only derived variable that reflected the reduced protein growth at Day 7 in daphnia exposed to 0.25 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate was the glycogen/lipid ratio. Biochemical determinations at Day 21 indicated that the organisms exposed to 0.25 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate were not different from controls, whereas those exposed to 0.5 micrograms/liter were still affected. McKee M J MJ Knowles C O CO eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides 0 Pyrethrins 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 51630-58-1 fenvalerate IM Animals Daphnia physiology Insecticides toxicity Pyrethrins analysis toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 3758699 1986 11 07 1986 11 07 2003 11 14

0016-9900 7 1986 Jul [Molecular connectivity and the acute toxicity of substances] 18-9 Zholdakova Z I ZI Koch R R rus Journal Article Molekuliarnaia konnektivnost' i ostraia toksichnost' veshchestv.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Drug Toxicity English Abstract Fishes Lethal Dose 50 Molecular Conformation Rats Regression Analysis Structure-Activity Relationship 3532268 1986 11 14 1986 11 14 2003 11 14

0300-8738 90 2 1986 Apr-Jun [Experimental research on using lactic acid for the disinfection of water] 327-31 Ciochină I N IN Apostol S S Alexa L L Neamţu G G Simionescu R R rum Journal Article Cercetări experimentale în scopul utilizării acidului lactic pentru dezinfecţia apei.

ROMANIA Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 0413735 0 Lactates 50-21-5 Lactic Acid IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Disinfection methods Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Escherichia coli drug effects Lactates pharmacology Lactic Acid Protozoa drug effects Sterilization methods Time Factors Water Microbiology Water Supply 2429484 1986 11 14 1986 11 14 2003 11 14

0372-9311 8 1986 Aug [Comparative immunological characteristics of Daphnia allergens] 83-5 Materials on the study of Daphnia allergens are presented. Daphnia allergens have been shown to possess considerable sensitizing properties. The optimum method for the preparation of the allergen has been selected. The method of measuring the electrophoretic mobility of cells with a view to the evaluation of the specific activity of Daphnia allergen is proposed. Berzhets V M VM Mochalov A A AA Sipitsyna N E NE Petrova N S NS Kanchurin A Kh AKh rus Journal Article Sravnitel'naia immunologicheskaia kharakteristika allergenov iz dafnii.

USSR Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 0415217 0 Allergens 0 Antibodies 0 Epitopes IM Allergens immunology isolation & purification Animals Antibodies analysis Comparative Study Daphnia immunology Electrophoresis English Abstract Epitopes immunology isolation & purification Guinea Pigs Immunization Immunodiffusion Mast Cells immunology Rabbits Rats 3768559 1986 12 11 1986 12 11 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 4 1986 Oct Acute toxicity and QSAR of chlorophenols on Daphnia magna. 599-605 Devillers J J Chambon P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chlorophenols 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Chlorophenols toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Oxygen analysis Structure-Activity Relationship 3768561 1986 12 11 1986 12 11 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 4 1986 Oct Comparative toxicity of methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide to freshwater fish and invertebrates. 615-21 Poirier S H SH Knuth M L ML Anderson-Buchou C D CD Brooke L T LT Lima A R AR Shubat P J PJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 67-56-1 Methanol 68-12-2 Dimethylformamide IM Animals Chironomidae physiology Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Dimethylformamide toxicity Fishes physiology Invertebrates physiology Lethal Dose 50 Methanol toxicity Perciformes physiology Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Trout physiology 3768563 1986 12 11 1986 12 11 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 4 1986 Oct Glutathione-dependent toxicity of the algicide 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to Daphnia magna Straus. 629-32 Dierickx P J PJ Vanderwielen C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Pesticides 0 Thiazoles 19750-45-9 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 70-18-8 Glutathione 97-00-7 Dinitrochlorobenzene IM Animals Daphnia physiology Dinitrochlorobenzene toxicity Glutathione metabolism physiology Pesticides toxicity Thiazoles toxicity 3779157 1987 01 07 1987 01 07 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 5 1986 Nov Toxicity of toxaphene to Bosmina longirostris and Daphnia spp. (Crustacea). 719-21 Novak A J AJ Passino D R DR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8001-35-2 Toxaphene IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Female Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Toxaphene toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3789811 1987 01 02 1987 01 02 2003 11 14

0090-4341 15 6 1986 Nov The precision of daphnid (Daphnia magna Straus, 1820) static acute toxicity tests. 741-9 Gersich F M FM Blanchard F A FA Applegath S L SL Park C N CN eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 IM Animals Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Toxicology methods 3024952 1987 02 13 1987 02 13 2003 11 14

0147-6513 12 2 1986 Oct Comparative kinetics study of the evolution of freshwater aquatic toxicity and biodegradability of linear and branched alkylbenzene sulfonates. 127-40 Evolution of both primary biodegradability and acute toxicity to daphnia and zebra fish of a linear alkylbenzene sodium sulfonate (LAS) and a branched alkylbenzene sodium sulfonate (BAS) have been measured simultaneously. In six of eight experiments, LAS was biodegraded to 90% in 7 days and BAS to 70% in 7 days. In the two other experiments, both LAS and BAS have shown the same biodegradation speed and reached the same biodegradation level in 7 days: 45% in one experiment and 55% in the other. The composition of bacteria population and the level of cellular ATP of the inoculum play a decisive role in the biodegradation. These results confirm that it is essential to know the composition of bacteria population present in the inoculum as well as their biochemical characteristics to accurately interpret results of biodegradation tests. In the case of a rapid primary biodegradation of LAS and BAS, the acute toxicity of LAS remains three times as high as that of BAS for at least 24 hr toward daphnia and 48 hr toward zebra fish. Their acute toxicity to daphnia and zebra fish become equivalent only after 72 hr. When primary biodegradation of both products is slower, the acute toxicity of LAS remains higher than that of BAS for more than 7 days. Gard-Terech A A Palla J C JC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Alkanesulfonates 0 Alkanesulfonic Acids 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 alkylbenzyl sulfonic acid IM Alkanesulfonates analysis toxicity Alkanesulfonic Acids Animals Bacteria metabolism Biodegradation Comparative Study Daphnia Fishes physiology Fresh Water Kinetics Sewage Surface-Active Agents analysis toxicity Water Microbiology Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Zebrafish 2879045 1987 02 06 1987 02 06 2003 11 14

0022-5304 89 5 1986 Oct Mosquito control by plankton management: the potential of indigestible green algae. 213-22 Most kinds of phytoplankton are good food for mosquito larvae. However, Culex, Aedes and Anopheles larvae fail to develop successfully in water where certain species of closely related green algae in the order Chlorococcales are the main source of food; apparently because the larvae are unable to digest them. Many species of Scenedesmus, Kirchneriella, Dactylococcus, Elakotothrix, Tetrallantos, Coelastrum, Selenastrum and Tetradesmus have this effect. These algae may offer a practical possibility for mosquito control when introduced into mosquito breeding habitats. Introduction of these algae could be assisted by simultaneous introduction of select filter-feeding zooplankton such as Daphnia. Marten G G GG eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Trop Med Hyg 0406044 IM Algae, Green Animals Culicidae physiology Digestion Larva physiology Mosquito Control methods Pest Control, Biological Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 3801709 1987 03 09 1987 03 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 38 2 1987 Feb Toxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline to fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, in acute and early life-stage exposures. 352-8 Call D J DJ Poirier S H SH Knuth M L ML Harting S L SL Lindberg C A CA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Herbicides 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Body Weight drug effects Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Herbicides toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3814874 1987 04 15 1987 04 15 2003 11 14

0007-4861 38 3 1987 Mar Arsenic toxicity changes in the presence of sediment. 491-9 Burton G A GA Jr Lazorchak J M JM Waller W T WT Lanza G R GR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Arsenites 15502-74-6 arsenite 7440-38-2 Arsenic EC 3.1.3.1 Alkaline Phosphatase IM Adsorption Alkaline Phosphatase metabolism Animals Arsenic toxicity Arsenites Body Weight Daphnia drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Soil 3823037 1987 04 16 1987 04 16 2003 11 14

0323-9179 11 1986 [Ecological and toxicological experiments with test guppies and Daphnia in research on the effect of pesticides in water] 32-7 Experiments have been carried out for the assessment of the toxic effect if some pesticides on aquatic organisms--fish groups Lebistes reticulatus and lower crustacea Daphnia magna. The following pesticides (herbicides) were studied--afalon, dimid, Lasso, patoran, propanide and Ramrod. Ramrod proved to have the highest toxicity, followed by propanide, Lasso and afalon. Dimid and patoran proved to have lower toxicity. Daphnia were established to be 10-17 times more susceptible than the fish groups. Strateva A A Tsankova T T bul Journal Article Ekotoksikologichni eksperimenti s testove gupi i dafnii pri izsledvane vliianieto na pestitsidi vŭv vodata.

BULGARIA Probl Khig 7703299 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinodontiformes Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ecology English Abstract Lethal Dose 50 Pesticides toxicity Poecilia Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3830017 1987 05 18 1987 05 18 2003 11 14

0147-6513 13 1 1987 Feb Comparative metabolism of fenitrothion in aquatic organisms. III. Metabolism in the crustaceans, Daphnia pulex and Palaemon paucidens. 126-34 When the waterflea Daphnia pulex and the shrimp Palaemon paucidens were exposed to 1.0 ppb [14C]fenitrothion in a flowthrough system, the concentrations of fenitrothion and 14C in the body reached equilibrium, and the maximum bioaccumulation ratios of fenitrothion were 71 and 6 in the daphnia and shrimp, respectively. These crustaceans primarily metabolized the compound by oxidation of P = S to P = O, hydrolysis of P-O-aryl linkage, and demethylation. The liberated phenol was found to be conjugated with sulfate in the daphnia and with glucose in the shrimp. When the organisms were transferred to a freshwater stream, fenitrothion and its metabolites were rapidly excreted from their bodies, and the half-life of the parent compound was less than 0.2 day in both species. Takimoto Y Y Ohshima M M Miyamoto J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 122-14-5 Fenitrothion IM Animals Autoradiography Biotransformation Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Fenitrothion metabolism Half-Life Palaemonidae metabolism Species Specificity Tissue Distribution 3567414 1987 05 28 1987 05 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 38 4 1987 Apr Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna and fish. 722-6 Khangarot B S BS Ray P K PK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Salmonidae metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trout metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3568097 1987 06 09 1987 06 09 2003 11 14

0302-766X 247 3 1987 Mar The oculomotor system of Daphnia magna. The eye muscles and their motor neurons. 515-23 The highly mobile cyclopic compound eye of Daphnia magna is rotated by six muscles arranged as three bilateral pairs. The three muscles on each side of the head share a common origin on the carapace and insert dorsally, laterally and ventrally on the eye. The dorsal and ventral muscles are each composed of two muscle fibers and the lateral muscle is composed of from two to five fibers, with three the most common number. Individual muscle fibers are spindle-shaped mononucleated cells with organized bundles of myofilaments. Lateral eye-muscle fibers are thinner than those of the other muscles but are otherwise similar in ultrastructure. Two motor neurons innervate each dorsal and each ventral muscle and one motor neuron innervates each lateral muscle. The cell bodies of the motor neurons are situated dorsally in the supraesophageal ganglion (SEG) and are ipsilateral to the muscles they innervate. The dendritic fields of the dorsal-muscle motor neurons are ipsilateral to their cell bodies; those of the ventral-muscle motor neurons are bilateral though predominantly contralateral. The central projections of the lateral-muscle motor neurons are unknown. In the dorsal and ventral muscles one motor axon synapses principally with one muscle fiber; in each lateral muscle the single motor axon branches to, and forms synapses with, all the fibers. The neuromuscular junctions, characterized by pre- and postsynaptic densities and clear vesicles, are similar in all the eye muscles. Consi T R TR Macagno E R ER Necles N N eng NS-14946 NS NINDS RR-0042 RR NCRR Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Cell Tissue Res 0417625 IM Animals Daphnia Eye cytology Microscopy, Electron Motor Neurons cytology ultrastructure Muscles cytology ultrastructure Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 2953070 1987 06 09 1987 06 09 2001 03 23

0048-9697 62 1987 Apr Comparison of the biological effects of humic materials under acidified conditions. 387-98 The acute and chronic effects of three types of humic material were studied using Daphnia magna at pH 5, 6, and 7. At neutral pH humic material had no biological effect. At pH 6 and 5 maximum survival and population growth rate occurred at intermediate levels of humus material (10 mg C/L, 300 mg Pt/L). Lowest survival and population growth rate occurred at pH 5 in either the absence of humus material or at concentrations exceeding 10 mg C/L (300 mg Pt/L). A second order polynomial was used to fit the dose response curve at pH 5 for both Aldrich humic acid and a natural bog water. Aldrich had greater biological activity. It is suggested that the biological behavior of aquatic humus conforms to second order rate phenomena controlled by high levels of free metals ions at low humus concentrations and direct toxic action of the dissolved organics at low pH due to increased lipophilicity. Petersen R C RC Jr Persson U U eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 1415-93-6 Humic Acids IM Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Humic Acids analysis pharmacology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Soil analysis Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 3576181 1987 06 09 1987 06 09 2003 11 14

0048-9697 62 1987 Apr Effects of aquatic humus on accumulation and acute toxicity of some organic micropollutants. 399-402 Accumulation experiments in a natural humic water revealed significantly lower bioconcentration of dehydroabietic acid and benzo(a)pyrene into Daphnia magna when compared with a standardized soft freshwater. For pentachlorophenol no such effect could be observed. Depending on the chemical involved, the natural humic water might affect the acute lethal toxicity of aquatic contaminants to this organism. Kukkonen J J Oikari A A eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Diterpenes 0 Diterpenes, Abietane 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1740-19-8 dehydroabietic acid 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene IM Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism toxicity Daphnia drug effects metabolism Diterpenes metabolism toxicity Diterpenes, Abietane Soil Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 3583729 1987 06 26 1987 06 26 2003 11 14

0017-8470 38 3 1987 Mar ["Aquarium" allergy: bronchial asthma caused by polyvalent sensitization to various components in fish food] 160-1 Chironomus larvae seem to be the principal sensitizer in fish food allergy. In addition, a variety of other Arthropoda species that are used as fish food can induce immediate hypersensitivity. Attention is drawn to this polyvalent sensitization by presenting the case history of a 27-year-old patient who kept fish and who suffered from allergic asthma bronchiale. He showed strongly positive reactions in skin tests for Chironomus and Culex larvae, as well as several kinds of Crustacea species, such as Daphnia and brine shrimps. Dietschi R R Wüthrich B B ger Case Reports Journal Article "Aquarium"-Allergie: Asthma bronchiale durch polyvalente Sensibilisierung auf verschiedene Fischfutter-Bestandteile.

GERMANY, WEST Hautarzt 0372755 IM Adult Animal Feed adverse effects Animals Asthma etiology English Abstract Female Fishes Human Hypersensitivity, Immediate etiology Intradermal Tests Respiratory Hypersensitivity etiology 3607312 1987 08 28 1987 08 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 39 1 1987 Jul Acute toxicity of Garlon 4 and Roundup herbicides to salmon, Daphnia, and trout. 15-22 Servizi J A JA Gordon R W RW Martens D W DW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Glycolates 0 Herbicides 0 Surface-Active Agents 1071-83-6 glyphosate 56-40-6 Glycine 64700-56-7 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyactic acid 2-butoxyethyl ester IM Animals Daphnia physiology Glycine analogs & derivatives toxicity Glycolates toxicity Herbicides toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Salmon physiology Salmonidae physiology Surface-Active Agents toxicity Trout physiology 2440658 1987 09 15 1987 09 15 2003 11 14

0147-6513 13 3 1987 Jun Protein and nucleic acid content in Daphnia magna during chronic exposure to cadmium. 290-300 Daphnia magna Straus were exposed to cadmium concentrations of 0, 0.4, 0.8, 2.1, 4.3, and 7.2 micrograms/liter for 21 days. Protein, RNA, DNA, glycogen and lipid content were measured after 4, 7, and 21 days of exposure, and the results were related to survival and reproduction. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for survival, protein growth, and reproduction at Day 21 was 2.1, 0.8, and 0.8 microgram/liter cadmium, respectively. Protein growth was most sensitive to cadmium exposure following the rapid growth phase which occurred between Days 4 and 6 of growth and development. All concentrations of cadmium produced significant reductions in protein growth at Day 7 indicating that the NOEC was less than 0.4 micrograms/liter. RNA:protein and protein:RNA:DNA ratios, which are related to the growth rate of daphnids, were most appropriately monitored at Day 4 which was prior to the rapid growth phase. Protein:RNA:DNA ratio at Day 4 identified the same NOEC as identified by protein growth and reproduction after 21 days of exposure. Knowles C O CO McKee M J MJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Nucleic Acids 0 Proteins 63231-63-0 RNA 7440-43-9 Cadmium 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Cadmium toxicity DNA metabolism Daphnia metabolism Nucleic Acids metabolism Proteins metabolism RNA metabolism Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 3632039 1987 09 25 1987 09 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 16 5 1987 Sep Relationship of microbial activity and Ceriodaphnia responses to mining impacts on the Clark Fork River, Montana. 523-30 Burton G A GA Jr Drotar A A Lazorchak J M JM Bahls L L LL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Mining Montana Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Microbiology Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3663972 1987 11 25 1987 11 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 39 2 1987 Aug Toxicity of vanadium to different freshwater organisms. 194-201 Studiecentrum voor Ecologie en Bosbouw (LISEC), Genk, Belgium. Beusen J M JM Neven B B eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-62-2 Vanadium IM Algae, Green physiology Animals Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Lethal Dose 50 Vanadium toxicity Zebrafish physiology 3663975 1987 11 25 1987 11 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 39 2 1987 Aug Comparison of ethanol toxicity to Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia tested at two different temperatures: static acute toxicity test results. 229-36 Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674. Takahashi I T IT Cowgill U M UM Murphy P G PG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 64-17-5 Ethanol IM Animals Comparative Study Crustacea physiology Daphnia physiology Ethanol toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Temperature 3677613 1988 01 21 1988 01 21 2003 11 14

0305-0491 88 1 1987 Identification of multiple glutathione S-transferases from Daphnia magna. 39-45 1. Six anionic glutathione S-transferases (GST) were purified from the crustacean, Daphnia magna, by means of affinity chromatography, that are responsible for ca. 40% of cytosolic GST activity. 2. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) revealed the presence of three proteins, with molecular weights of 27,500, 28,000, and 30,200. 3. Separation under nondenaturing conditions revealed six proteins, all of which exhibited GST activity, with molecular weights ranging from 55,000 to 61,700. 4. Ethacrynic acid is a competitive inhibitor of activity towards CDNB of all six GSTs, binding each with similar affinities. 5. Chlorinated phenols are also competitive inhibitors of the enzyme, with the degree of inhibition being directly correlated with the lipophilicity of the compounds. 6. Analysis of inhibition of separated isoforms reveals that form 4 is most strongly inhibited by these chlorinated phenols, with forms 5 and 6 being inhibited to a lesser degree. Department of Biology, University of South Florida 33620. LeBlanc G A GA Cochrane B J BJ eng GM30891 GM NIGMS S07-07121 PHS Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol B 2984730R 0 Isoenzymes EC 2.5.1.18 Glutathione Transferase IM Animals Chromatography, Affinity Chromatography, Ion Exchange Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Glutathione Transferase isolation & purification metabolism Isoenzymes isolation & purification metabolism Kinetics Molecular Weight Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 3317819 1988 01 20 1988 01 20 2003 11 14

0048-9697 66 1987 Oct Diethylhexylphthalate as an environmental contaminant--a review. 1-16 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a priority pollutant in several countries; annual production amounts to 3-4 million tonnes. Approximately 95% is used as a plasticizer in polyvinylchloride (PVC). DEHP is emitted to the environment during the production of plastics and plastic products, during their use and after disposal. In the environment, physico-chemical degradation of DEHP is practically non-existent. Biodegradation occurs readily under aerobic conditions (t1/2 = 2-4 weeks), but not under anaerobic conditions. The acute toxicity of DEHP to mammals is low. Many subchronic and chronic effects have, however, been identified. The most important of these are: influence on the liver and energy metabolism, teratogenicity, adverse effects on male reproductive organs, carcinogenicity and influence on the immune system. On the basis of figures concerning human exposure, most of these effects are not likely to occur. With respect to carcinogenicity the situation is uncertain, especially for some risk groups. The ecotoxicology of DEHP is especially relevant for aquatic communities where data are contradictory: several authors have found adverse effects on Daphnia and fish species after exposure to the present environmental concentrations; others, however, produced less alarming results. Emissions of DEHP can be reduced by the biological treatment of wastewater and waste gas, the use of alternative plasticizers in PVC or the substitution of other plastics for PVC. Vereniging Milieudefensie, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Wams T J TJ eng Journal Article Review Review, Academic

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Plastics 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 117-81-7 Diethylhexyl Phthalate IM Abnormalities, Drug-Induced etiology Animals Diethylhexyl Phthalate analysis metabolism toxicity Environmental Pollutants analysis metabolism toxicity Half-Life Human Infertility, Male chemically induced Lethal Dose 50 Liver Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced Male Mice Netherlands Phthalic Acids analysis Plastics Rats Refuse Disposal Sewage Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 89 3691377 1988 02 17 1988 02 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 14 3 1987 Dec A shake-flask test for estimation of biodegradability of toxic organic substances in the aquatic environment. 239-51 Disadvantages of current biodegradation tests are examined: the need for high substrate concentrations, lack of parent compound concentration measurements, no estimation of sediment effects, failure to indicate compounds to which microbial populations must adapt to degrade, and lack of site specificity in innocula selection. A modified river die-away test is proposed for determining biodegradability of organic compounds and testing for toxic degradation products. The present test uses shake flasks containing sterile (2% formalin) and nonsterile site water: both with, and without, site sediment (500 mg/liter). Concurrent toxicity testing with mysids or daphnids provides a sensitive assay for the detection of toxic metabolites. Examples of three test compounds are given: methyl parathion, which undergoes rapid, sediment-mediated biodegradation; dibutylphthalate, to which some microbial communities exhibit an adaptation phenomenon; and methoxychlor, which has a relatively low water solubility and high sediment partition coefficient. The relative merits of this test procedure are discussed. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561-3999. Cripe C R CR Walker W W WW Pritchard P H PH Bourquin A W AW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 298-00-0 Methyl Parathion 56-38-2 Parathion 72-43-5 Methoxychlor 84-74-2 Dibutyl Phthalate IM Animals Biodegradation Daphnia Dibutyl Phthalate toxicity Fresh Water Methods Methoxychlor toxicity Methyl Parathion toxicity Parathion analogs & derivatives Phthalic Acids toxicity Seawater Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3692184 1988 02 25 1988 02 25 2003 11 14

0016-9900 10 1987 Oct [Toxicological and hygienic evaluation of lignosulfonic acids and their transformation products] 15-7 Korshunova N V NV rus Journal Article Toksikologo-gigienicheskaia otsenka lignosul'fonovykh kislot i produktov ikh transformatsii.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8062-15-5 lignosulfuric acid 9005-53-2 Lignin IM Animals Biotransformation Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Fishes Guinea Pigs Lignin analogs & derivatives pharmacokinetics toxicity Maximum Allowable Concentration Paper Rabbits Rats Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Wood 3428203 1988 03 02 1988 03 02 2003 11 14

0147-6513 14 1 1987 Aug Effects of chemical stress on the population dynamics of Daphnia magna: a comparison of two test procedures. 1-11 Ten substances were tested to compare two methods that can be used in chronic toxicity studies with the Cladoceran Daphnia magna. In semistatic experiments with cohorts (life-table studies) survival appeared to be a dominant factor in exponential population growth. Specific inhibition of reproduction as a result of toxic stress was observed only in tests with bromide and 2,4-dichloroaniline. For some substances (cadmium, bichromate, metavanadate, and bromide) individual growth (carapace length) was found to be a sensitive parameter. In intermittent-flow experiments with small expanding populations the yield (carrying capacity) proved to be a highly sensitive parameter, probably owing to the fact that in these tests populations grow logistically, i.e., become additionally stressed by food limitation. Chemically induced reductions in food ingestion and conversion efficiency may thus become very predominant. In view of the place of these crustaceans in the food web such reductions in the carrying capacity would seem to be of great ecotoxicological importance. Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Lelystad, The Netherlands. van Leeuwen C J CJ Niebeek G G Rijkeboer M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Bromides 0 Sulfuric Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 554-00-7 2,4-dichloroaniline 7778-50-9 Potassium Dichromate IM Aniline Compounds Animals Bromides toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Potassium Dichromate toxicity Reproduction drug effects Sulfuric Acids toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3345354 1988 04 18 1988 04 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 40 1 1988 Jan Chronic toxicity of aniline and 2,4-dichlorophenol to Daphnia magna Straus. 1-7 Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674. Gersich F M FM Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Chlorophenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 120-83-2 2,4-dichlorophenol IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Chlorophenols toxicity Chromatography, Liquid Daphnia physiology Fresh Water Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3358970 1988 06 09 1988 06 09 2003 11 14

0470-4606 1 1988 [Comparative evaluation of the toxicity of aqueous extracts of the ashes of brown coals] 63-7 The toxicity of industrial waste--the ashes of brown coals in connection with the possibility of their utilization in agriculture has been studied. It has been proved that ash water extracts which give low pH values are practically nontoxic for test objects. Ash extracts rich in calcium and magnesium oxides provide high pH values and has a negative effect on hydrobionts. The neutralization removes the acute toxic effect. Diundik O B OB Osipova E V EV Gil' T A TA Belezova N P NP Linitskiĭ A L AL rus Journal Article Sravnitel'naia otsenka toksichnosti vodnykh vytiazhek zoly burykh ugleĭ.

USSR Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki 0020417 0 Industrial Waste IM Agriculture Algae, Green drug effects Animals Bacillus drug effects Coal adverse effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Industrial Waste adverse effects Plants drug effects USSR Water Microbiology 3359959 1988 05 31 1988 05 31 2003 11 14

0147-6513 15 1 1988 Feb Growth of Daphnia magna exposed to mixtures of chemicals with diverse modes of action. 72-7 Concentrations causing inhibition of growth of Daphnia magna after 16 days of exposure were determined for nine chemicals that presumably act through different modes of action. The joint toxic effect of a mixture of these chemicals is found to be nonadditive. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Deneer J W JW Seinen W W Hermens J L JL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2836008 1988 07 12 1988 07 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 40 3 1988 Mar Toxicity and uptake potential of an acrylic polymer comonomer and its biological degradation products. 325-31 Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167. Johannsen F R FR Levinskas G J GJ Adams W J WJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acrylic Resins 0 Alkanesulfonates 0 Benzenesulfonates 0 Sulfur Radioisotopes 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1208-67-9 4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether 1561-92-8 methallyl sulfonate 9003-01-4 carbopol 940 98-67-9 4-phenolsulfonic acid IM Acrylic Resins pharmacokinetics toxicity Alkanesulfonates toxicity Animals Benzenesulfonates pharmacokinetics toxicity Biodegradation Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Oxygen Consumption Perciformes metabolism Sulfur Radioisotopes diagnostic use Temperature Trout metabolism Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 3370344 1988 06 30 1988 06 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 40 4 1988 Apr Intermittent flow system for population toxicity studies demonstrated with Daphnia and copper. 496-502 Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Lelystad, The Netherlands. van Leeuwen C J CJ Büchner J L JL van Dijk H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-50-8 Copper IM Age Factors Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Drug Administration Schedule Ecology Temperature Toxicology instrumentation 3370346 1988 06 30 1988 06 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 40 4 1988 Apr Toxicity of methylenebisthiocyanate (MBT) to several freshwater organisms. 517-24 Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Maas-Diepeveen J L JL van Leeuwen C J CJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Disinfectants 0 Thiocyanates 6317-18-6 methylene bis(thiocyanate) IM Abnormalities, Drug-Induced etiology Algae, Green drug effects Animals Daphnia drug effects Disinfectants toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Lethal Dose 50 Salmonidae physiology Thiocyanates toxicity Time Factors Trout physiology 3294033 1988 08 31 1988 08 31 2003 11 14

0014-4754 44 7 1988 Jul 15 Physical aspects of biophotons. 576-85 By comparing the theoretically expected results of photon emission from a chaotic (thermal) field and those of an ordered (fully coherent) field with the actual experimental data, one finds ample indications for the hypothesis that 'biophotons' originate from a coherent field occurring within living tissues. A direct proof may be seen in the hyperbolic relaxation dynamics of spectral delayed luminescence under ergodic conditions. A possible mechanism has to be founded on Einstein's balance equation and, under stationary conditions, on energy conservation including a photochemical potential. It is shown that the considered equations deliver, besides the thermal equilibrium, a conditionally stable region far away from equilibrium, which can help to describe both 'biophoton emission' and biological regulation. Institute of Biophysical Cell Research, Technology Center, Kaiserslautern, Federal Republic of Germany. Popp F A FA Li K H KH Mei W P WP Galle M M Neurohr R R eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

SWITZERLAND Experientia 0376547 IM Animals Biophysics Cell Physiology Daphnia Darkness Light Luminescence Photochemistry Radiation Thermodynamics 64 2902994 1988 12 16 1988 12 16 2003 11 14

0742-8413 90 2 1988 Effects of cadmium exposure on feeding of freshwater planktonic crustaceans. 335-40 1. Effects of cadmium exposure (0.010-0.100 ppm) on food consumption and assimilation rates of crustacean zooplankton from 2 lakes were studied in laboratory using radioisotope (14C) technique. 2. The inhibiting effects were significant 48 hr after Cd-exposure, but not after 20 hr exposure. 3. Daphnia spp. were the most affected cladocerans; copepods, especially the cyclopoids, appeared less sensitive. 4. The decrease in assimilation rates was much more marked than in the consumption rates. 5. The 14C-technique offers quick and sensitive means of studying the effects of heavy metal toxicity. Limnological Institute, Vijverhof Laboratory, Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands. Gulati R D RD Bodar C W CW Schuurmans A L AL Faber J A JA Zandee D I DI eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Crustacea drug effects physiology Environmental Exposure Feeding Behavior drug effects Plankton drug effects Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zooplankton drug effects physiology 2902995 1988 12 16 1988 12 16 2003 11 14

0742-8413 90 2 1988 Effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna: possible implications for reproduction. 341-6 1. The effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation rates and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna were determined. 2. The consumption and assimilation rates of 14 days 1.0 ppb Cd treated animals tended to decrease slightly, the decline of these rates at 5.0 ppb Cd (14 days), however, was highly significant (P less than 0.001). 3. The assimilation efficiencies of daphnids exposed to cadmium did not significantly differ from control. 4. No notable changes in the biochemical composition of daphnids could be noticed after 7, 14 and 21 days of cadmium exposure. 5. It seems as if not one metabolic process in particular was depressed due to cadmium, but metabolic activities seemed to be inhibited on the whole. 6. Results are discussed in relation with data of a previous study on the reproduction of D. magna under cadmium stress. Research Group for Aquatic Toxicology, State University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Bodar C W CW van der Sluis I I Voogt P A PA Zandee D I DI eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Lipids 0 Proteins 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium 9005-79-2 Glycogen IM Animals Body Weight drug effects Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects metabolism physiology Environmental Exposure Feeding Behavior drug effects Glycogen metabolism Lipids metabolism Proteins metabolism Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3206954 1989 02 09 1989 02 09 2003 11 14

0044-4529 24 4 1988 Jul-Aug [The cholinesterase properties of Daphnia magna] 596-8 It has been demonstrated that cholinesterase of Daphnia magna is capable of the hydrolysis of propionylthiocholine iodide at the highest rate as compared to the other substrates studied, the hydrolysis being inhibited by high concentrations of the substrate. The rate of splitting of acetylthiocholine iodide is similar to that of propionylthiocholine iodide, whereas the hydrolysis of butyrylthiocholine iodide is 3 times slower. Cholinesterase from D. magna is extremely sensitive to an organophosphorus inhibitor, DDVP. The value of bimolecular constant of the inhibition rate (kappa II) is equal to (1.60 +/- 0.20).10(8)1.mol-1.min-1. Menzikova O V OV rus Journal Article O svoĭstvakh kholinesterazy dafnii Daphnia magna.

USSR Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 21820250R 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 121-75-5 Malathion 52-68-6 Trichlorfon 62-73-7 Dichlorvos EC 3.1.1.8 Cholinesterases IM Animals Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Cholinesterases metabolism Daphnia drug effects enzymology Dichlorvos toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Malathion toxicity Substrate Specificity drug effects Trichlorfon toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3214184 1989 02 23 1989 02 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 17 5 1988 Sep The effect of selenium in water and food on Daphnia populations. 555-60 Boyum K W KW Brooks A S AS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Daphnia physiology Reproduction drug effects Selenium toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3214187 1989 02 23 1989 02 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 17 5 1988 Sep Toxicity and metal speciation relationships for Daphnia magna exposed to brass powder. 575-81 Hardy J T JT Crecelius E A EA Cowan C E CE Wentsel R S RS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 12597-71-6 brass 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Copper analysis toxicity Daphnia physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Zinc analysis toxicity 3219430 1989 03 16 1989 03 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 41 3 1988 Sep Acute toxicity of cyanogen chloride to Daphnia magna. 371-7 Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108. Kononen D W DW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Cyanides 506-77-4 cyanogen chloride 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Cyanides toxicity Daphnia physiology Fresh Water analysis Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Hydrolysis Lethal Dose 50 Oxygen analysis Temperature 3219434 1989 03 16 1989 03 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 41 3 1988 Sep Changes in food [Chlorella] levels and the acute toxicity of cadmium to Daphnia carinata (Daphnidae) and Echinisca triserialis (Macrothricidae) [Crustacea: Cladocera]. 398-403 Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, India. Chandini T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Behavior, Animal drug effects Cadmium toxicity Chlorella Crustacea physiology Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 3224177 1989 04 06 1989 04 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 41 4 1988 Oct Chronic effects of contaminated sediment on Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans. 574-81 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Oregon 97333. Nebeker A V AV Onjukka S T ST Cairns M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chironomidae physiology Daphnia physiology Diptera physiology Female Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Male Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply analysis 3224181 1989 04 06 1989 04 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 41 4 1988 Oct Toxicity of six heterocyclic nitrogen compounds to Daphnia pulex. 604-8 Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti 48197. Perry C M CM Smith S B SB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Heterocyclic Compounds IM Algae physiology Animals Daphnia physiology Heterocyclic Compounds toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Parthenogenesis drug effects Reproduction drug effects 2920229 1989 04 19 1989 04 19 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 2 1989 Feb Method for the preliminary assessment of aquatic contamination sites using sediment extract toxicity tests. 218-25 Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior 54880. Larson L J LJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Wisconsin 3229377 1989 04 18 1989 04 18 2003 11 14

0147-6513 16 3 1988 Dec Phototaxis in aquatic invertebrates: possible use in ecotoxicity tests. 189-93 A series of experiments has been carried out aimed at (i) a deeper study of the phototaxis of some aquatic invertebrates and (ii) its possible use in ecotoxicity tests. For the first point the phototaxis of the nauplii of Artemia salina was examined: through tests carried out under different conditions, it was observed that a marked complex response to light existed, which led to a subdivision between individuals with different phototactic response, mainly depending on the density of the nauplii, on light intensity, and on spectral composition. The second point has been analyzed with A. salina, Daphnia magna, and Aëdes aegypti. For the first species it must be stressed that in ecotoxicity tests carried out with nauplii of A. salina one should bear in mind the complexity of their phototactic response. With D. magna and A. aegypti a simple pvc apparatus connected with optic fibers and set up on a microscope was used. The result is marked and easily observable; therefore, it will be possible in the future to perform easily tests with toxic substances which are important in ecotoxicology. Laboratorio di Tossicologia Comparata ed Ecotossicologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome. Dojmi Di Delupis G G Rotondo V V eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Aedes Animals Artemia Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Light Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2923996 1989 05 03 1989 05 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 1 1989 Jan Influence of variations in culture medium on the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna. 119-25 Shell Research Limited, Sittingbourne Research Centre, Sittingbourne, Kent, United Kingdom. Girling A E AE Garforth B M BM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Culture Media Daphnia growth & development Environmental Monitoring Reproduction drug effects Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2923997 1989 05 03 1989 05 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 1 1989 Jan Toxicity of dimethoate to Daphnia magna and freshwater fish. 126-33 Studiecentrum voor Ecologie en Bosbouw (LISEC), Genk, Belgium. Beusen J M JM Neven B B eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 60-51-5 Dimethoate IM Animals Daphnia Dimethoate toxicity Environmental Monitoring Fishes Fresh Water Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3234289 1989 04 28 1989 04 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 16 2 1988 Oct Herbicidal triazines: acute toxicity on Daphnia, fish, and plants and analysis of its relationships with structural factors. 148-57 The 24- and 48-hr EC50 immobilization test of Daphnia magna has been performed on 14 herbicidal triazines characterized by structural differences with respect to the substituent groups at the three carbon atoms in the s-triazinic ring. EC50 values of the tested compounds were found to vary within a factor of 6 to 7; such variations of toxicity have been analyzed in terms of structural variations concerning (i) the type of substituents, i.e., Cl, SCH3, or OCH3, at the carbon atom C-2, and (ii) the number and size of the alkyl groups at the aminic nitrogen atoms bound to the ring carbons C-4 and C-6. Literature data relative to the acute toxicity of the considered herbicides on fish and plants were also analyzed with reference to the above structural features. The possibility that separate contributions to toxic effects of triazines are provided by specific groups bound to the common structural moiety, constituted by the 1,3,5-triazinic ring, is examined and discussed. Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. Marchini S S Passerini L L Cesareo D D Tosato M L ML eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Herbicides, Triazine IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fishes physiology Herbicides, Triazine toxicity Plants drug effects Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship 3234290 1989 04 28 1989 04 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 16 2 1988 Oct Approaches to modeling toxic responses of aquatic organisms to aromatic hydrocarbons. 158-69 Acute toxic effects on Salmo gairdneri, Poecilia reticulata, Daphnia magna, and the growth inhibition of Selenastrum capricornutum were measured for eight aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicity measurements were carried out following the OECD standard guidelines modified as appropriate in order to prevent hydrocarbon loss by volatilization; the concentrations of the substrates in the test solutions were periodically measured by HPLC. The toxic responses were analyzed in terms of the n-octanol/water partition coefficients, by means of linear regression analysis, and in terms of five molecular properties simultaneously, by means of the partial least squares analysis in latent variables (PLS). The univariate and multivariate quantitative structure-activity relationship models obtained by the two approaches are compared and discussed. Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, CNR, Brugherio, Italy. Galassi S S Mingazzini M M Viganò L L Cesareo D D Tosato M L ML eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hydrocarbons IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Biometry Cyprinodontiformes physiology Daphnia drug effects Drug Evaluation, Preclinical methods Hydrocarbons pharmacology toxicity Models, Biological Poecilia physiology Salmonidae physiology Structure-Activity Relationship Trout physiology 3234296 1989 04 28 1989 04 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 16 2 1988 Oct Acute toxicity of furazolidone on Artemia salina, Daphnia magna, and Culex pipiens molestus larvae. 90-4 As a result of evidence of the ecotoxicity of nitrofurans, the acute toxicity of furazolidone was tested in vivo on two aquatic organisms, Artemia salina and Daphnia magna, which are both crustaceans. Toxicity studies were also performed on larvae of Culex pipiens molestus. Results indicated a significant toxicity of the compound on Culex pipiens and Daphnia magna, while Artemia salina proved to be the least sensitive. Laboratorio di Tossicologia Comparata ed Ecotossicologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. Macrì A A Stazi A V AV Dojmi di Delupis G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 67-45-8 Furazolidone IM Animals Artemia drug effects Culex drug effects Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Furazolidone toxicity Larva Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3238416 1989 05 01 1989 05 01 2003 11 14

0048-9697 76 1 1988 Sep 15 Acute toxicity of cresols, xylenols, and trimethylphenols to Daphnia magna Straus 1820. 79-83 Twenty-four-hour IC50 values (50% immobilization concentration) for phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, six xylenols, and three trimethylphenols were determined for Daphnia magna under static conditions. Our results show that cresols are more toxic than phenol, that xylenols do not exhibit significantly higher toxicity than cresols, and that trimethylphenols are less toxic than cresols. Thus, no direct relationship can be found between the number and position of methyl groups on the phenol nucleus and their acute toxicity to the water flea. Institut Pasteur de Lyon, France. Devillers J J eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Cresols 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Xylenes 108-68-9 3,5-xylenol 576-26-1 2,6-xylenol 95-87-4 2,5-xylenol IM Sci Total Environ 1989 Jan;78:300 Animals Cresols toxicity Daphnia drug effects Models, Biological Phenols toxicity Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Xylenes toxicity 2523796 1989 06 20 1989 06 20 2003 11 14

0147-6513 17 1 1989 Feb The effect of humic acid on the toxicity and bioavailability of trivalent chromium. 105-11 The influence of humic acid (HA) on the toxicity and bioavailability of two forms of trivalent chromium (chromic chloride and chrome lignosulfonate) was evaluated using a common freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia pulex. With both compounds, the 50 mg/liter HA significantly decreased toxicity at all time points examined. The remaining two HA concentrations, 0.5 and 5 mg/liter, either had no influence or decreased the toxicity of the compounds. Humic acid appeared to have no influence on the bioavailability of chrome lignosulfonate. However, for chromic chloride, 5 and 50 mg/liter HA decreased the percentage free chromium at all time points examined. Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe 71209-0470. Stackhouse R A RA Benson W H WH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chlorides 0 Chromium Compounds 10049-05-5 chromous chloride 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 7440-47-3 Chromium IM Animals Biological Availability Chlorides Chromium pharmacokinetics toxicity Chromium Compounds Daphnia physiology Humic Acids toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 2726884 1989 06 30 1989 06 30 2003 11 14

0361-7742 291 1989 QSARs and pesticides design. 417-20 A multivariate analysis of phytotoxicity and measured ecotoxicity data of a set of 30 herbicidal triazines was carried out. Results indicate that it is feasible to design triazines that combine limited ecotoxicity with high herbicidal potency. Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy. Tosato M L ML Cesareo D D Marchini S S Passerini L L Pino A A Cruciani G G Clementi S S eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Prog Clin Biol Res 7605701 0 Pesticides 0 Triazines IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Drug Design Molecular Structure Pesticides pharmacology Structure-Activity Relationship Triazines pharmacology 2727672 1989 07 10 1989 07 10 2003 11 14

0048-9697 79 2 1989 Mar Effects of humus concentrations on benzo[a]pyrene accumulation from water to Daphnia magna: comparison of natural waters and standard preparations. 197-207 The bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) into Daphnia magna from two natural humic waters (one lake water and one bog water), and two humus preparations (Nordic Reference fulvic acid (Nordic FA) and a lyophilized concentrate) of the same aquatic origin was measured by using several dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations for each sample. The partition coefficient (Kp) of BaP to the humus content of the water was determined by an equilibrium dialysis technique. In all four samples, an increase in humus concentration decreased the bioavailability of BaP in a logarithmic manner. The Nordic FA and the natural untreated humic water, from the same source as the water used for isolation of Nordic FA, gave a similar DOC bioaccumulation response and similar Kp values. The difference between the two natural humic waters was obvious, both in the accumulation experiments and the Kp values. The assumption that the total bound fraction of organic pollutant is not available for D. magna is not fully supported by this study. Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, Finland. Kukkonen J J Oikari A A Johnsen S S Gjessing E E eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Benzo(a)pyrene analysis metabolism Biological Transport Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water analysis Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 2732079 1989 07 24 1989 07 24 2003 11 14

0018-067X 62 ( Pt 1) 1989 Feb Population genetics of Polyphemus pediculus (Cladocera: Polyphemidae). 1-10 Population genetic studies of cyclically parthenogenetic organisms have focussed on members of the freshwater cladoceran crustaceans, and mainly on those populations which inhabit intermittent or permanent ponds. Little is known of the genetic structure of large-lake populations. The genetic structure of populations of the predatory freshwater littoral-zone cladoceran, Polyphemus pediculus from 20 palearctic lakes in Northern Germany was examined by electrophoresis to determine its breeding system and level of genetic polymorphism, and to compare its genetic structure with those of other Cladocera. Polyphemus was polymorphic for three of eight enzyme loci and most (20/23) genotypic frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These populations are thus panmictic, and most likely reproduce by cyclical parthenogenesis. There were heterozygote deficiencies at each of the polymorphic loci in the three deviant populations. Genetic differentiation between populations was evident at each locus, with significant spatial autocorrelation found at the Pgm locus. Population heterozygosity averaged 9.2 per cent with a mean of 1.5 alleles/locus. Mean number of composite genotypes per population was 6.0+/-1.0 (S.E.) with a range of 1-17 clones per population. P. pediculus thus has a population genetic structure similar to that of large-lake Daphnia populations. Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, Department of Ecophysiology, Plön, Federal Republic of Germany. Weider L J LJ eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 IM Alleles Animals Breeding Crustacea genetics Female Gene Frequency Polymorphism (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 2737111 1989 08 09 1989 08 09 2003 11 14

0147-6513 17 2 1989 Apr 1,1,1-Trichloroethane: medium-term toxicity to carp, daphnids, and higher plants. 172-82 The toxicity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane to carp (Cyprinus carpio) and daphnids (Daphnia magna) and the effects of gaseous-phase exposure on the growth of higher plants (Sorghum bicolor and Brassica napus) were investigated. The test systems were designed to minimize loss of the volatile material during the exposure period. During an exposure period of 14 days, there were no mortalities or other symptoms of toxicity in carp exposed to a mean measured 1,1,1-trichloroethane concentration of 7.7 mg/liter. The survival and reproduction of daphnids over a test period of 17 days were not affected at a measured concentration of 1.3 mg/liter. Growth of emergent seedlings was not inhibited at measured gaseous-phase concentrations of 18 mg/liter for S. bicolor and 6.9 mg/liter for B. napus. The simple modifications made to standard techniques proved sufficient to maintain the exposure concentrations of this volatile chemical. Mean measured concentrations were generally greater than 60% of the nominal values. Brixham Laboratory, Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, Freshwater Quarry, Devon, United Kingdom. Thompson R S RS Carmichael N G NG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 0 Trichloroethanes 71-55-6 1,1,1-trichloroethane IM Animals Carps Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated toxicity Plants Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trichloroethanes toxicity 2743005 1989 08 21 1989 08 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 5 1989 May New approach to the seven-day Ceriodaphnia dubia test with additional comments pertaining to the same test for Daphnia magna. 749-53 Dow Chemical Company, Health and Environmental Sciences, Midland, Michigan 48674. Cowgill U M UM Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia Oxygen analysis Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2743009 1989 08 21 1989 08 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 5 1989 May Sublethal effects of phenanthrene, nicotine, and pinane on Daphnia pulex. 778-84 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fisheries Research Center--Great Lakes, Michigan 48105. Savino J F JF Tanabe L L LL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Phenanthrenes 0 Terpenes 473-55-2 pinane 54-11-5 Nicotine IM Animals Chromatography, Gas Daphnia drug effects growth & development Nicotine analysis toxicity Phenanthrenes analysis toxicity Terpenes analysis toxicity 2743011 1989 08 21 1989 08 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 5 1989 May Toxicity of alum sludge to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. 791-8 Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Shady Side, Maryland 20764. Hall W S WS Hall L W LW Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Alum Compounds 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7429-90-5 Aluminum IM Alum Compounds toxicity Aluminum toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects Larva drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2743919 1989 08 15 1989 08 15 2000 12 18

0147-6513 17 3 1989 Jun Fate and effects of salicylic acid compounds in freshwater systems. 308-16 The comparative fates and effects of salicylic acid (SA) and Na salicylate in algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus, Monoraphidium minutum), in Lemna minor, and in Daphnia magna were examined. Test methods were principally based on the OECD testing guidelines with modifications in the procedures. The influence of fulvic acid (FA) on bioconcentration and on toxic effects was studied. FA addition significantly reduced the bioavailability of SA in L. minor and the algae species. SA was more toxic to Lemnaceae, algae, and daphnids than to its Na salt. Bioconcentration factors in S. subspicatus, M. minutum, and L. minor were about 10(3) in 72-96 hr. The reproducibility of D. magna was reduced by 38% at a concentration of 20 mg SA/liter. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Academia Sinica, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Wang W H WH Lay J P JP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Salicylic Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Fresh Water Reproduction drug effects Salicylic Acids pharmacokinetics toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2743922 1989 08 15 1989 08 15 2003 11 14

0147-6513 17 3 1989 Jun Toxicity of heavy metals to early life stages of Daphnia magna. 333-8 This study was designed to investigate the susceptibility of the parthenogenetic eggs of Daphnia magna to cadmium, zinc, copper, and lead. Early life stages of D. magna proved to be highly tolerant to heavy metal toxicity in comparison with later stages. This relatively high tolerance might be explained by the structural constitution of the eggs. Research Group for Aquatic Toxicology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Bodar C W CW vd Zee A A Voogt P A PA Wynne H H Zandee D I DI eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 7439-92-1 Lead 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Lead toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zinc toxicity 2767462 1989 10 12 1989 10 12 2003 11 14

0016-9900 5 1989 May [Toxicologic evaluation of the effectiveness of decontamination of waste water from the production of dry galvanic cell by low-base aluminum hydroxychloride] 76-7 Fomovskiĭ M A MA Lapinskine A K AK Kipnis L S LS Dubchak O N ON rus Journal Article Toksikologicheskaia otsenka éffektivnosti obezvrezhivaniia stokov proizvodstva sukhikh ga'lvanicheskikh élementov nizkoosnovnymi gidroksokhloridami aliuminiia.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 12042-91-0 aluminum chlorhydrate 21645-51-2 Aluminum Hydroxide IM Aluminum Hydroxide pharmacology Animals Daphnia drug effects Electronics Industrial Waste analysis Sewage Ukraine Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Pollution prevention & control 2775894 1989 10 20 1989 10 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 43 2 1989 Aug Gender-dependent problems in toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia. 271-9 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Tennessee 37831-6351. Haynes G J GJ Stewart A J AJ Harvey B C BC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10108-64-2 Cadmium Chloride 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Animals, Newborn physiology Cadmium toxicity Cadmium Chloride Daphnia physiology Female Lethal Dose 50 Male Nutrition Sex Factors Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2790241 1989 10 31 1989 10 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 43 3 1989 Sep Chronic toxicity of biphenyl to Daphnia magna Straus. 355-62 Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674. Gersich F M FM Bartlett E A EA Murphy P G PG Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Biphenyl Compounds IM Aging physiology Animals Animals, Newborn physiology Biphenyl Compounds toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 2802678 1989 10 30 1989 10 30 2003 11 14

0090-4341 18 5 1989 Sep Toxicity test procedures for Hyalella azteca, and chronic toxicity of cadmium and pentachlorophenol to H. azteca, Gammarus fasciatus, and Daphnia magna. 756-64 Survival, growth, and reproduction of Hyalella azteca were determined under various test conditions. Reproduction by a cohort begins when the amphipods are 5 to 6 weeks old, peaks at 8 to 12 weeks, and then declines due to continuing adult mortality. Full life-cycle tests can be completed in 12 to 14 weeks at 25 degrees C. Reproduction is poor when only artificial plastic substrate is provided. A substrate of cotton gauze results in dramatic improvements in both reproduction and growth. Better reproduction can be obtained by culturing the amphipods in some sediments, but this makes weekly enumeration difficult. Increased mortality during chronic exposure to cadmium was observed at 1 microgram/L for H. azteca and 3.2 micrograms/L for Gammarus fasciatus. Reproduction during longer exposure was not reduced at concentrations lower than those causing increased mortality within six weeks. Chronic toxicity of pentachlorophenol was observed at 100 micrograms/L for both species. Chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna was similar to that of the amphipods for cadmium, but lower for pentachlorophenol. Amphipods are at least as sensitive as Daphnia to a variety of toxicants during chronic exposure. Borgmann U U Ralph K M KM Norwood W P WP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Chlorophenols 7440-43-9 Cadmium 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Chlorophenols toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods Female Pentachlorophenol toxicity 3268116 1989 12 20 1989 12 20 2003 11 14

0895-3988 1 2 1988 Aug Prediction of environmental fate and effects of heteroatomic polycyclic aromatics by QSARs: the position of n-octanol/water partition coefficients. 194-209 The HPLC and TLC retention, n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow), bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicity data of 29 heteroatomic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 7 parent polycyclic aromatics were determined experimentally. For the same set of compounds, molecular weights, fragmental log Kow values, and molecular connectivities were calculated. Quantitation of the mathematical relationships between the variables was used to validate the predictive potential of various parameters. The importance of log Kow in predictive studies is highlighted. It is concluded that the internal concentration of a pollutant in the organism should be used as a parameter in future QSAR work. Institute for Environmental Studies, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. de Voogt P P Wegener J W JW Klamer J C JC van Zijl G A GA Govers H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Biomed Environ Sci 8909524 0 Octanols 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 111-87-5 1-Octanol 7732-18-5 Water IM 1-Octanol Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Thin Layer Daphnia drug effects Ecology Environmental Pollution prevention & control Octanols Photobacterium drug effects Poecilia metabolism Polycyclic Hydrocarbons metabolism toxicity Regression Analysis Solubility Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water 2806166 1989 12 04 1989 12 04 2003 11 14

0147-6513 18 2 1989 Oct Investigation of correlation between physiochemical properties of metals and their toxicity to the water flea Daphnia magna Straus. 109-20 Twenty-three metal ions were tested and ranked in terms of decrease in immobilization (EC50) of Daphnia magna Straus. The 48-hr EC50 values (mg/liter) of metal ions were Hg2+, 0.0052; Ag1+, 0.01; Cu2+, 0.093; Zn2+, 0.56; Co2+, 1.49; Cr6+, 1.79; Cd2+, 1.88; Be2+, 2.82; Pb2+, 3.61; As3+, 6.23; Fe2+, 7.20; Ni2+, 7.29; Mn2+, 8.28; Sn2+, 21.56; Ba2+, 32.00; Al3+, 59.60; W6+, 89.39; Sr2+, 94.00; K1+, 141.46; Mg2+, 343.56; Na1+, 420.60; and Sb3+, 423.45. The 48-hr EC50 values of 23 metal ions were transformed to their corresponding negative logarithms of molarity (as pM). Correlation coefficients (r) for more than 35 physiochemical properties of metals or metal ions and acute toxicity values (as pM) were examined by linear regression analysis. The negative logarithm of the solubility product constant of metal sulfide (pKsp), equilibrium constants of amino acids and of EDTA, nucleotide base, electronegativity, electrode potential, melting point, thermal properties of metals, and other physiochemical parameters were significantly correlated with toxicity for D. magna. The order of toxicity of metal ions has been presented and discussed. Correlation between toxicity and physiochemical properties of inorganic substances may be useful in predicting toxicity to various biologically important organisms. Daphnia Project, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India. Khangarot B S BS Ray P K PK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Metals 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Chemistry, Physical Daphnia physiology Energy Metabolism Metals analysis toxicity Oxygen analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Time Factors 2818927 1990 01 03 1990 01 03 2003 11 14

0007-0912 63 4 1989 Oct A model to test the potency of inhalation anaesthetics. 489-91 The water flea Daphnia magna was studied as a potential model of the potency of inhalation anaesthetics in humans. Anaesthesia was defined as lack of movement to a noxious stimulus (strong light). Effective concentrations which produced anaesthesia of 50% of the individuals (EC50) for halothane, isoflurane and enflurane were 1.006, 1.156 and 1.415, respectively. Anaesthesia was reversible rapidly. It is suggested that Daphnia should replace vertebrates in early studies of inhalation anaesthetic potency. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield. McKenzie J D JD Calow P P Nimmo W S WS eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Br J Anaesth 0372541 13838-16-9 Enflurane 151-67-7 Halothane 26675-46-7 Isoflurane IM Br J Anaesth. 1990 May;64(5):649 2191708 Anesthesia, Inhalation Animals Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Enflurane pharmacology Halothane pharmacology Isoflurane pharmacology Light Models, Biological Movement drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2591771 1990 01 12 1990 01 12 2003 11 14

0016-9900 8 1989 Aug [Evaluation of dyed substances in purified waste water in experiments on water organisms] 78-80 Novikova L N LN Rudykh A R AR Kravets N A NA Osipova E V EV Burlakova O A OA Zubareva L D LD rus Journal Article Otsenka okrashennykh veshchestv v ochishchennykh stochnykh vodakh v opytakh na gidrobiontakh.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Dyes 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 9004-34-6 Cellulose IM Animals Cellulose toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Disinfection Dyes toxicity Industrial Waste Maximum Allowable Concentration Sewage Siberia Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply standards 2480967 1990 01 30 1990 01 30 2003 11 14

0022-0493 82 5 1989 Oct Visual detection of microencapsulated insecticides with selective staining and scanning electron microscopy. 1323-7 Selective staining with Sudan IV and methylene blue for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were investigated to determine their potential for detecting and quantifying microencapsulated insecticides. Penncap-M (microencapsulated methyl parathion), Penncapthrin (microencapsulated permethrin), and Dyfonate (microencapsulated fonofos) were selectively stained with Sudan IV but not with methylene blue. Selective staining was not possible for Altosid SF-10 or SR-20 (microencapsulated methoprene) with either stain. Sudan IV enabled detection of some microencapsulated formulations in the digestive content of selected aquatic invertebrates and prepared contaminated pollen samples. Staining intensity with Sudan IV was greatest with acetone but capsular damage was high. A solvent ratio of 50:50 and 20:80 acetone/xylene minimized capsular collapse and maintained good staining intensity. The use of SEM for capsule identification and quantification depended upon the method of sample preparation: the slide smear method was superior to samples prepared by incision or microtomy. SEM was most suitable for investigation of formulations such as methoprene, for which selective staining was not possible. The chemical basis of staining with Sudan IV and potential application of both identification techniques are discussed. Sibley P K PK Fortin C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Econ Entomol 2985127R 0 Capsules 0 Insecticides 0 Pesticide Residues IM Aedes analysis Animals Capsules Culex analysis Daphnia analysis Insecticides analysis Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Pesticide Residues analysis Simuliidae analysis Staining and Labeling Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2619328 1990 02 26 1990 02 26 2003 11 14

0090-4341 18 6 1989 Nov Analysis of six foraging behaviors as toxicity indicators, using juvenile smallmouth bass exposed to low environmental pH. 895-9 Six foraging behaviors were evaluated for use in toxicity bioassays with fishes. Response time and strike frequency were used to measure fish activity, average and longest fixation distance, to measure visual acuity, while prey capture frequency and strike success were used to measure fish coordination and agility. In this study, the feeding behaviors were used to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to acidic water on juvenile smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui). Feeding responses to two types of live prey, tubificids and Daphnia magna, were recorded for bass exposed to pH 4.7 and 4.2. Fish held at the lower pH level had significantly lower fixation distances, prey capture success and capture frequencies with both prey types, indicating that high levels of acidity may impair visual acuity, coordination, and agility. The foraging behaviors evaluated herein appear to be useful in toxicity testing because they are easily quantified and indicate changes that may affect growth and survival in long-term exposures. Hill J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Bass Environmental Monitoring Feeding Behavior drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity 2306539 1990 04 10 1990 04 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 44 1 1990 Jan Use of Selenastrum capricornutum and Microfeast as food for Daphnia pulex. 59-66 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton 76203. Price E E EE Parkerton T F TF Dickson K L KL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 IM Algae Animals Body Weight Daphnia physiology Diet 2626058 1990 04 11 1990 04 11 2003 11 14

0022-5193 137 4 1989 Apr 20 Stability effects of a juvenile period in age-structured populations. 397-422 Prior theoretical studies have shown that the juvenile period's length is an important determinant of local stability in age-structured population dynamics. For example, both short and long periods produce stability, but intermediate lengths can cause instability. Short juvenile periods significantly increase stability (compared to no juvenile period) if fecundity is independent of adult age. Here I re-examine these and other patterns, using a model which includes a variable juvenile period, juvenile mortality, density-dependent fecundity and adult mortality, and age-dependence is adult fecundity. Among other things, the results confirm the stable-unstable-stable pattern with increasing juvenile period length, but show that the stabilizing effect of short periods disappears when fecundity varies with adult age. Broadly speaking, the results suggest that age-dependence in adult fecundity has important dynamical consequences, and that models assuming that fecundity is independent of adult age may be unreliable guides to the dynamics of populations for which this assumption is not reasonably accurate. Division of Environmental Research, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. McNair J N JN eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Theor Biol 0376342 IM Animals Daphnia genetics Genetics, Population Mathematics Models, Genetic Population Dynamics Reproduction 2324716 1990 05 24 1990 05 24 2003 11 14

8756-971X 6 1 1990 Mar Prey selection by mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in California rice fields: effect of vegetation and prey species. 115-20 Mosquitofish are widely used for biological control of mosquito larvae in rice fields, but the presence of different types of vegetation or alternative arthropod prey affects the performance of the fish. Feeding experiments were conducted in 4 rice field vegetation zones. Overall, predation was maximal in young and mature rice, moderate in the submerged naiad vegetation, and minimal in areas of open water. A preference for fourth instar Culex tarsalis mosquito larvae over Daphnia pulex and the amphipod Hyalella azteca was demonstrated. Second nymphal stage corixid bugs, Cenocorixa sp., were avoided; a similar notonectid, Buenoa sp., was eaten in amounts comparable to the D. pulex and H. azteca. No preference between Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni mosquito larvae was detected. Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Biology, University of California, Davis 95616. Linden A L AL Cech J J JJ Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8511299 IM Agriculture Animals Anopheles California Culex Cyprinodontiformes physiology Ecology Feeding Behavior physiology Insects Larva Oryza sativa Pest Control, Biological Plants Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2324997 1990 05 24 1990 05 24 2003 11 14

0340-7594 166 3 1990 Feb Eye movements in Daphnia magna. Regions of the eye are specialized for different behaviors. 411-20 Three types of behavior of the compound eye of Daphnia magna are characterized: 'flick', a transient rotation elicited by a brief flash of light; 'fixation', a maintained eye orientation in response to a stationary light stimulus of long-duration; 'tracking', the smooth pursuit of a moving stimulus. The magnitudes of the flick and fixation responses vary with stimulus position and are generally proportional to stimulus intensity, although at high intensities there is an attenuation of both behaviors. When the stimulus is placed at a position approximately 80 degrees dorsal to the eye axis, there is no response; this area is called the null region. For stationary stimuli in other positions, the direction of the response is such as to bring the stimulus closer to the null region. During tracking, the relative positions of the eye and stimulus change; the eye velocity is approximately half that of the moving stimulus. The regions of the eye in which these behaviors may be induced are different, being largest for flick and smallest for tracking. It is proposed that flick and fixation responses are a means for rotating the eye so that the stimulus is within the area surrounding the null region which is used for tracking. Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027. Consi T R TR Passani M B MB Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST J Comp Physiol [A] 8413199 IM Animals Behavior, Animal physiology Daphnia physiology Eye Movements Female Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 2328349 1990 05 30 1990 05 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 44 3 1990 Mar Importance of bioassay volume in toxicity tests using algae and aquatic invertebrates. 420-7 Department of Biology, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, Canada. Stratton G W GW Giles J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Pyrethrins 1912-24-9 Atrazine 52645-53-1 Permethrin IM Algae drug effects Animals Atrazine toxicity Biological Assay Chlorella drug effects Daphnia Invertebrates physiology Lethal Dose 50 Motor Activity drug effects Permethrin Photosynthesis drug effects Pyrethrins toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2331155 1990 05 25 1990 05 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 19 1 1990 Jan-Feb Evaluation of a 14-day static renewal toxicity test with Daphnia magna straus. 72-6 Two replicate 14-day static renewal chronic toxicity tests were conducted with Daphnia magna Straus for each of three test chemicals (boric acid, aniline, and 2,4-dichlorophenol). These tests were conducted at 24 +/- 2 degrees C. The objective of this study was the comparison of the 14-day test results with chronic values derived for the same chemicals from 21-day studies (20 degrees C). It was hypothesized that the comparison of the chronic data resulting from the two test regimes would support the shortening of the standard 21-day exposure period and reduce the cost of these labor intensive studies. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The 14-day test met the 21-day chronic test acceptability criteria in terms of control data associated with the mean number of broods/adult, mean total young/adult, mean brood size and survival. 2. A comparison of the results shows the similarity of the chronic values generated from the 14 and 21-day tests. In all cases, the chemical specific chronic values were within a factor of 2. The chronic values for 2,4-dichlorophenol generated from the two test regimens were virtually identical (i.e., 14-day--1.1 and 1.2 mg/L; 21-day--1.1 mg/L). 3. The comparison of the chronic values resulting from the 14 and 21-day tests supports the use of the 14-day exposure period. A shorter exposure period will help reduce the cost of these labor intensive studies without compromising their scientific integrity. Dow Chemical Company, Health and Environmental Sciences, Midland, Michigan 48674. Gersich F M FM Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Boric Acids 0 Chlorophenols 0 Environmental Pollutants 120-83-2 2,4-dichlorophenol IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Boric Acids toxicity Chlorophenols toxicity Daphnia physiology Environmental Pollutants toxicity 2341987 1990 06 26 1990 06 26 2003 11 14

0340-7594 166 5 1990 Mar UV photoreceptors in the compound eye of Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). A fourth spectral class in single ommatidia. 597-606 The spectral sensitivities of individually stimulated ommatidia in the compound eye of Daphnia magna were measured using a fast spectral scan voltage-clamp technique with extracellular recording. Chromatic adaptation was used to reveal the contributions of individual spectral classes of photoreceptors to the ommatidial sensitivity. Ommatidia in the dorsal and ventral regions of the compound eye were tested. Four spectral classes of photoreceptors were found in each ommatidium, among them a previously undetected class with peak sensitivity in the ultraviolet. The wavelengths of peak sensitivity were at 348, 434, 525, and 608 nm for the dorsal ommatidia. The three longer wavelength classes agreed well with those found previously by intracellular recording (Schehr 1984). Only small differences in wavelength and magnitude of peak sensitivity were found between the four classes in the dorsal versus ventral ommatidia. Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027. Smith K C KC Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST J Comp Physiol [A] 8413199 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Female In Vitro Membrane Potentials Photic Stimulation Photoreceptors physiology Sensory Thresholds Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Ultraviolet Rays 2637484 1990 07 13 1990 07 13 2003 11 14

0035-7715 40 4-6 1989 [Toxic action of carbendazim on aquatic animals] 326-32 The toxic effect of carbendazim was studied using as biologic indicators, Lebistes reticulatus Peters, Asellus aquaticus Racov and Daphnia magna (Cladocera) in the Laboratory of Human Epidemiology and Ecology in Rzeszów. The experiments were done in crystallizers of from 150 ml capacity for Aselius to 250 ml for young Lebistes and in tubes of 30 ml capacity for Daphnia. Each experiment was done in triplicate with 10 animals in each repetition. The observation of carbendazim toxicity was carried out after 1, 2, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 96 hours and after 5, 6 and 24 days. The method used for this purpose had been evolved by the Institute of Metereology and Hydrology in Wrocław. For all tested aquatic organisms in acute toxicity tests of carbendazim (LC50) confidence intervals were calculated for various concentrations of the solution and time spent by the organisms in toxic environment. The study showed that carbendazim was practically non-toxic for young Lebistes and Asellus. The detailed results are presented in tables I, II and III. Przybylski Z Z Rogoz H H pol Journal Article Badania toksycznego działania karbendazymu na zwierzece organizmy wodne.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Benzimidazoles 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10605-21-7 mecarzole IM Animals Benzimidazoles toxicity Crustacea Daphnia English Abstract Fishes Fungicides, Industrial toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2383683 1990 09 18 1990 09 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 45 1 1990 Jul Bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene and dehydroabietic acid from a few lake waters containing varying dissolved organic carbon concentrations to Daphnia magna. 54-61 University of Joensuu, Department of Biology, Finland. Oikari A A Kukkonen J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Diterpenes 0 Diterpenes, Abietane 0 Hydrocarbons 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1740-19-8 dehydroabietic acid 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene IM Animals Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism Biological Availability Daphnia metabolism Diterpenes metabolism Diterpenes, Abietane Finland Hydrocarbons Support, Non-U.S. Gov't USSR Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 2386407 1990 09 20 1990 09 20 2003 11 14

0090-4341 19 4 1990 Jul-Aug The reproducibility of the three brood Ceriodaphnia test using the reference toxicant sodium lauryl sulfate. 513-7 The three brood Ceriodaphnia dubia test was carried out three nonconsecutive times, each period being separated by the previous one by three weeks. The toxicant studied was sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) which bacterially degrades completely by the end of the third day of the test. The mean LC50 based on survival was 41 +/- 3.2 (CV = 7.8%) mg/L for day 3 through day 6. The mean EC50 based on progeny confirmed the LC50 and was 36 +/- 0.49 (CV = 1.4%) mg/L for the ultimate day of the test. The close reproducibility among successive tests is due in part to the use of pure SLS, the use of a mixed algal diet and in part to reducing handling to a minimum. Data failed to indicate any chronic effect exhibited by C. dubia populations since no statistically significant differences were noted between 48 hr (acute) and 144 hr values (chronic). Calculations of brood size for the first four broods clearly indicate a chronic effect of SLS on C. dubia by showing a progressively greater spread between the highest mean brood size and the lowest mean brood size as the brood number increases. It is suggested that calculations of this kind become part of the Ceriodaphnia test methodology so that any chronicity can be better identified. Environment Toxicology and Chemistry Research Laboratory, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674. Cowgill U M UM Milazzo D P DP Landenberger B D BD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 151-21-3 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate IM Animals Daphnia physiology Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate toxicity 2386417 1990 09 20 1990 09 20 2003 11 14

0090-4341 19 4 1990 Jul-Aug Comparative toxicities of selected industrial chemicals to microorganisms and other aquatic organisms. 624-8 Biodegradation rates of 25 narcotic industrial chemicals were determined manometrically using resting cells prepared from preacclimated microorganisms. Chemical concentrations that would reduce maximum rates by 50% (BIC50) were estimated from rate inhibition data. Subsequently, the BIC50 and acute toxicities of chemicals to daphnids, barnacle larvae, copepods and fish (bleak, fathead minnow and golden orfe) were correlated. The r2 and F-statistics for all six linear correlations were significant (alpha = 0.001). This suggests, for chemicals having a non-specific mode of toxic action, the biodegradation inhibition test may be used to estimate concentrations which would be toxic to higher aquatic organisms. A comparison of toxicity data showed microorganisms were less sensitive to test chemicals than the other species. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior 54880. Vaishnav D D DD Korthals E T ET eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Industrial Waste 0 Solvents IM Animals Bacteria drug effects Crustacea Daphnia Fishes Industrial Waste adverse effects Mollusca Solvents toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2400843 1990 10 23 1990 10 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 45 2 1990 Aug Effects of deltamethrin and ethanol on survival, and mechanical response of Daphnia spinulata. 266-71 Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, Argentina. Alberdi J L JL Santamaría N O NO Hernández D A DA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Pyrethrins 52820-00-5 decamethrin 64-17-5 Ethanol IM Animals Behavior, Animal drug effects Daphnia physiology Ethanol toxicity Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Physical Stimulation Pyrethrins toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1699381 1990 11 19 1990 11 19 2003 11 14

0065-1281 88 2 1990 A preliminary histochemical study on the labral glands of Daphnia obtusa (Crustacea, Cladocera). 175-81 The gland cells located in the upper lip of the cladoceran Daphnia were studied by histochemical reactions to establish the chemical nature of some substances they synthesize. Neutral polysaccharides were found to be present, but acid glycosaminoglycans absent. Large amounts of proteins and ribonucleoproteins are also present, lipid substances were not detected. Immunohistochemical methods failed to reveal alpha-amylase in the labral gland cells, though the enzyme was detected in the cells of the intestine. The secretion products of the labral gland cells are probably glycoproteins. The results are discussed in terms of the possible roles of these substances in the animal's physiology. Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Ferrara, Italy. Zeni C C Franchini A A eng Journal Article

GERMANY Acta Histochem 0370320 0 Glycosaminoglycans 0 Lipids 0 Polysaccharides 0 Proteins 0 Ribonucleoproteins EC 3.2.1.1 alpha-Amylase IM Animals Cytoplasm ultrastructure Daphnia anatomy & histology Exocrine Glands anatomy & histology Female Glycosaminoglycans immunology Histocytochemistry Immunoenzyme Techniques Lipids analysis Polysaccharides analysis immunology Proteins analysis Ribonucleoproteins ultrastructure Staining and Labeling alpha-Amylase immunology 2226243 1990 12 05 1990 12 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 20 1 1990 Aug Effect of 3,4-dichloroaniline and metavanadate on Daphnia populations. 53-70 Fourteen continuously fed populations of Daphnia magna were exposed to 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) or metavanadate and monitored for 20 (two controls), 14 (six with metavanadate), and 8 (six with 3,4-DCA) weeks. The controls showed a damped oscillation. Low concentrations of either 3,4-DCA or metavanadate stimulated the first population peak. High concentrations of metavanadate rendered population peaks less regular, and at the highest metavanadate concentration, one population perished. High concentrations of 3,4-DCA slightly reduced population size. Four periodically fed populations of D. magna were also monitored. The more they were fed, the larger they grew. In the continuously fed populations, ephippia were formed at and just after the population peaks. No ephippia were noted in the periodically fed populations. Metavanadate promoted the formation of ephippia (NOEC 0.56 mg/liter), and 3,4-DCA depressed sexual reproduction at all concentrations tested (6, 12, and 24 micrograms/liter). The population dynamics of the controls were compared with those predicted by Kooijman's model (1986a, in The Dynamics of Physiologically Structured Populations (J.A.J. Metz and O. Diekmann, Eds.), pp. 266-297, Springer Lecture Notes in Biomathematics; 1986b, J. Math. Biol. 23, 163-185) for growth and reproduction of individual daphnids. In general, there is reasonable agreement between model predictions and observations, but some adjustments to the model may be necessary. Department of Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Delft. van der Hoeven N N eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Vanadates 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Population Dynamics Predictive Value of Tests Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vanadates toxicity 2228614 1990 12 27 1990 12 27 2003 11 14

0017-9078 59 6 1990 Dec Short-term bioconcentration studies of Np in freshwater biota. 869-77 Short-term laboratory exposures were conducted to determine the potential accumulation of Np in aquatic organisms. Concentration factors were highest in green algae. Daphnia magna, a filter-feeding crustacean, accumulated Np at levels one order of magnitude greater than the amphipod Gammarus sp., an omnivorous substrate feeder. Accumulation of Np in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was highest in carcass (generally greater than 78% of the total body burden) and lowest in fillets. Recommended concentration factors for Np, based on fresh weight, were 300 for green algae, 100 for filter-feeding invertebrates, for nonfilter-feeding invertebrates, 10 for whole fish, and one for fish flesh. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352. Poston T M TM Klopfer D C DC Simmons M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Health Phys 2985093R 7439-99-8 Neptunium IM Algae metabolism Animals Crustacea metabolism Fishes metabolism Fresh Water Neptunium pharmacokinetics Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2263195 1991 02 07 1991 02 07 2003 11 14

0737-4038 7 5 1990 Sep Hierarchical analysis of population genetic variation in mitochondrial and nuclear genes of Daphnia pulex. 444-58 The geographic structure of Daphnia pulex populations from the central United States is analyzed with respect to isozyme and mitochondrial DNA variation. The species complex consists of cyclic and obligate parthenogens. A hierarchical analysis of population structure in the cyclic parthenogens by using a fixation-index approach indicates that this is one of the most extremely subdivided species yet studied. This genetic structure, much of which accrues within 100 km, is certainly due in part to the limited dispersal ability of Daphnia. However, previous work has shown that fluctuating selection can account for the spatial heterogeneity in isozyme frequencies in these populations. This may explain why the population subdivision for the mitochondrial genome increases approximately three times as rapidly with distance as does that for nuclear genes, which is slower than the neutral expectation. The obligate parthenogens are shown to be polyphyletic in origin, evolutionarily young, and, in some cases, geographically widespread. Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Crease T J TJ Lynch M M Spitze K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Mol Biol Evol 8501455 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes IM Animals DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Gene Frequency Haplotypes Illinois Indiana Isoenzymes genetics Parthenogenesis genetics Polymorphism (Genetics) Restriction Mapping Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 2269224 1991 02 21 1991 02 21 2003 11 14

0091-6765 87 1990 Jul Mode of action and the assessment of chemical hazards in the presence of limited data: use of structure-activity relationships (SAR) under TSCA, Section 5. 183-97 Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) requires that manufacturers and importers of new chemicals must submit a Premanufacture Notification (PMN) to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 90 days before they intend to commence manufacture or import. Certain information such as chemical identity, uses, etc., must be included in the notification. The submission of test data on the new substance, however, is not required, although any available health and environmental information must be provided. Nonetheless, over half of all PMNs submitted to the agency do not contain any test data; because PMN chemicals are new, no test data is generally available in the scientific literature. Given this situation, EPA has had to develop techniques for hazard assessment that can be used in the presence of limited test data. EPA's approach has been termed "structure-activity relationships" (SAR) and involves three major components: the first is critical evaluation and interpretation of available toxicity data on the chemical; the second component involves evaluation of test data available on analogous substances and/or potential metabolites; and the third component involves the use of mathematical expressions for biological activity known as "quantitative structure-activity relationships" (QSARs). At present, the use of QSARs is limited to estimating physical chemical properties, environmental toxicity, and bioconcentration factors. An important overarching element in EPA's approach is the experience and judgment of scientific assessors in interpreting and integrating the available data and information. Examples are provided that illustrate EPA's approach to hazard assessment for PMN chemicals. Health and Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, DC 20460-0001. Auer C M CM Nabholz J V JV Baetcke K P KP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Dyes 0 Hazardous Substances 0 Solvents 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Triazines 0 Water Pollutants 108-78-1 melamine IM Algae drug effects Animals Chemical Industry legislation & jurisprudence Daphnia drug effects Dyes chemistry toxicity Hazardous Substances chemistry classification toxicity Mutagenicity Tests Predictive Value of Tests Solvents chemistry toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Surface-Active Agents chemistry toxicity Toxicology methods Triazines chemistry toxicity United States United States Environmental Protection Agency Water Pollutants chemistry toxicity 2269228 1991 02 21 1991 02 21 2003 11 14

0091-6765 87 1990 Jul Electrophiles and acute toxicity to fish. 219-25 Effect concentrations in fish LC50 tests with directly acting electrophiles are lower than those of unreactive chemicals that act by narcosis. LC50 values of more hydrophobic reactive chemicals tend to approach those of unreactive chemicals. Quantitative studies to correlate fish LC50 data to physical-chemical properties indicate that LC50 values of reactive chemicals depend on hydrophobicity as well as chemical reactivity. In this paper, several examples will be given of chemical structures that are known as direct electrophiles. This classification might be useful to identify chemicals that are more effective at lower concentrations than unreactive compounds. Chemicals that require bioactivation are not included because almost no information is available on the influence of bioactivation on acute toxic effects in aquatic organisms. Research Institute of Toxicology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Hermens J L JL eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Alcohols 0 Aldehydes 0 Epoxy Compounds 0 Hydrocarbons, Halogenated 0 Organometallic Compounds 0 Sulfhydryl Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Alcohols chemistry toxicity Aldehydes chemistry toxicity Alkylation Animals Biotransformation Chemistry, Physical Comparative Study Daphnia Epoxy Compounds chemistry toxicity Fish Diseases chemically induced Fishes Hydrocarbons, Halogenated chemistry toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Molecular Structure Organometallic Compounds chemistry Structure-Activity Relationship Sulfhydryl Compounds chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry toxicity 32 2276362 1991 03 05 1991 03 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 20 2 1990 Oct Acute toxicity of the natural algicide, cyanobacterin, to Daphnia magna. 167-74 Cyanobacterin is a potent, photosynthetic inhibitor produced as a secondary metabolite by the filamentous, freshwater cyanobacterium Scytonema hofmanni. With a spectrum of activity encompassing species of cyanobacteria and eucaryotic algae as well as higher plants, cyanobacterin might be utilized as a commercial algicide for algae waterbloom control. As a component of the preliminary environmental risk/hazard evaluation of this proposed application, the acute toxicity of cyanobacterin to the planktonic crustacean, Daphnia magna, was assessed. Based on five trials, the 48-hr LC50 for D. magna was determined to be approximately 1.37 micrograms/ml (range: 0.78-2.58 micrograms/ml). In addition, a significant percentage of the surviving daphnids were completely immobile at the end of the 48-hr exposure period. These results give strong indication that cyanobacterin and/or its residues exhibit some nontarget organism lethality at projected use-concentration level. Furthermore, estimates of partition coefficients and bioconcentration factor, generated through quantitative structure-activity relationships, suggest that sediment, suspended particulates, and biota may serve as major compartments of cyanobacterin partitioning in an aquatic ecosystem. Before cyanobacterin should be further considered for application as a commercial algicide, a rigorous evaluation of nontarget organism lethality and environmental fate is required. Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455. Klapes N A NA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Herbicides 80902-00-7 cyanobacterin 96-48-0 4-Butyrolactone IM 4-Butyrolactone analogs & derivatives toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects Herbicides toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Time Factors 1996914 1991 03 28 1991 03 28 2003 11 14

0090-4341 20 1 1991 Jan Acute toxicity of pure pentachlorophenol and a technical formulation to three species of Daphnia. 73-80 The acute toxicity of a technical formulation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and pure pentachlorophenol to three age classes of Daphnia magna, and adult D. pulex and D. galeata mendotae was determined by static toxicity tests. The influence of a number of factors on toxicity of PCP was also examined. The 48-hr LC50 estimates for adult daphnids of the three species exposed to pure PCP were 1.78, 4.59 and 0.51 mg/L, respectively, while those for the technical formulation were 2.57, 3.66 and 0.33 mg/L, respectively. There was little difference in toxicity between the technical and pure PCP; however, toxicity of both forms of PCP was influenced by duration of exposure, age (and/or size) and species of test organism and pH of the test solution. Pentachlorophenol caused a toxic response over a very narrow range of concentrations, with the greatest response occurring immediately between 0 and 24 hr. Pure PCP was equally toxic to all age classes of D. magna but susceptibility to technical PCP decreased with maturation. D. g. mendotae was ten times more sensitive than D. pulex to PCP. Pure PCP was significantly more toxic to D. magna at pH 5.5 than 7.0 with mean 48-hr LC50 values of 0.082 and 1.78 mg PCP/L, respectively. At 12 degrees C, the toxicity of both forms of PCP to D. g. mendotae and D. pulex did not differ significantly from that at 20 degrees C; however, technical PCP was significantly more toxic to D. magna at 12 degrees C for an exposure duration of 48 hr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Stephenson G L GL Kaushik N K NK Solomon K R KR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Aging Animals Cold Daphnia drug effects Female Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Pentachlorophenol toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2001485 1991 04 18 1991 04 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 46 1 1991 Jan Comparison of the effect of metallic copper and copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2.3H2O) on Ceriodaphnia dubia utilizing the three-brood test. 141-5 Dow Chemical Co., Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Research Laboratory, Midland, Michigan 48674. Cowgill U M UM Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 471-34-1 Calcium Carbonate 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Calcium Carbonate pharmacology Comparative Study Copper pharmacology toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Reproduction drug effects Water Supply analysis 2014998 1991 05 14 1991 05 14 2003 11 14

0090-4341 20 2 1991 Feb Toxicity of microencapsulated permethrin to selected nontarget aquatic invertebrates. 168-76 Microencapsulated permethrin (penncapthrin) was evaluated under laboratory conditions for its toxicity toward several nontarget aquatic invertebrates. Average LC50 estimates for selected lotic invertebrates, based on a one hour dosing regime, were: 2.71 mg/L for Simulium vittatum, 4.59 mg/L for Hydropsyche spp., and 13.41 mg/L for Isonychia bicolor. In acute static tests with Daphnia magna, there was no significant difference (p less than or equal to 0.05) between the toxicity of penncapthrin at 96 h (LC50 range: 6.80-22.5 micrograms/L) and the EC formulation at 72 h (LC50 range: 0.6-21 micrograms/L). Comparatively, the toxicity of microencapsulated methyl parathion (penncap-m) was not significantly different from that of penncapthrin toward D. magna, the former having LC50 estimates ranging form 0.3-12.25 micrograms/L. LC50 estimates associated with Daphnia pulex ranged from 19 to 131 micrograms/L. The toxicity of penncapthrin and penncap-m toward D. pulex was difficult to determine because of frequent control mortality due to food deprivation resulting from the need to run tests for longer than 48 h. In successful tests, LC50 estimates ranged from 19 to 28 micrograms/L for penncapthrin and 0.08 to 25 micrograms/L for penncap-m after 72 h exposure. In long term toxicity tests, 95% of D. magna at 1 microgram/L, 44% at 10 micrograms/L, and 20% at 15 micrograms/L survived after 39 days exposure. Less than 15% of D. pulex survived over the same concentration range following 32 days exposure. Despite same drawbacks, long-term toxicity tests were more appropriate than short-term tests for evaluating microencapsulated pesticides because of reduced variability in LC50 estimates and lower control mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Sibley P K PK Kaushik N K NK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Pyrethrins 52645-53-1 Permethrin IM Animals Biological Assay Daphnia Drug Compounding Fresh Water Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Insects Permethrin Pyrethrins toxicity Simuliidae Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2015004 1991 05 14 1991 05 14 2003 11 14

0090-4341 20 2 1991 Feb The toxicity of waterborne boron to Daphnia magna and Chironomus decorus and the effects of water hardness and sulfate on boron toxicity. 282-7 The concentrations of many elements, including boron, are increasing in aquatic ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities. Laboratory studies were undertaken to evaluate the toxicity of waterborne boron to two key freshwater macroinvertebrates and to evaluate the effects of water hardness and sulfate on boron toxicity. Acute toxicity evaluations of waterborne sodium tetraborate resulted in 48 h. LC50 values of 141 and 1376 mg B/L for neonate Daphnia magna and fourth instar Chironomus decorus, respectively. Chronic sublethal studies demonstrated a significant decrease in C. decorus growth rate at 20 mg B/L. Further studies showed that increasing water hardness (10.6 to 170 mg/L as CaCO3) and sulfate (10.2 to 325.4 mg SO4(-2)/L) concentrations did not affect boron toxicity to D. magna. These results, in conjunction with a review of the literature, suggest that aquatic macrophytes may be more sensitive to boron than macroinvertebrates and thus would be better choices for aquatic risk assessment evaluations for this element. Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis 95616. Maier K J KJ Knight A W AW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Sulfates 0 Water Pollutants 471-34-1 Calcium Carbonate 7440-42-8 Boron IM Animals Boron toxicity Calcium Carbonate pharmacology Chironomidae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Sulfates pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity 1902128 1991 05 29 1991 05 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 46 2 1991 Feb Acute toxicity of PCB congeners to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas. 208-15 U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199. Dillon T M TM Burton W D WD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 0 Solvents IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinidae physiology Daphnia drug effects Environmental Exposure Evaluation Studies Fresh Water Larva drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Polychlorinated Biphenyls toxicity Solvents Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 1851647 1991 06 21 1991 06 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 46 3 1991 Mar Influence of sulfate, Ca, and Mg on the acute toxicity of potassium dichromate to Daphnia similis. 461-5 Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan. Hosokawa M M Endo G G Kuroda K K Horiguchi S S eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Bicarbonates 0 Sulfates 144-55-8 Sodium Bicarbonate 7439-95-4 Magnesium 7440-23-5 Sodium 7440-70-2 Calcium 7778-50-9 Potassium Dichromate IM Animals Bicarbonates pharmacology Calcium pharmacology Daphnia physiology Fresh Water Magnesium pharmacology Potassium Dichromate toxicity Sodium pharmacology Sodium Bicarbonate Sulfates pharmacology 2060487 1991 08 06 1991 08 06 2003 11 14

0147-6513 21 1 1991 Feb Aquatic toxicity testing for multicomponent compounds with special reference to preparation of test solution. 57-67 An adequate method of determining the toxicity of a compound consisting of multiple components, such as creosote, coal tar, and coal tar pitch, was studied for different test solution preparation methods, i.e., direct dosing without filtration, diluting the stock solution of saturated concentration, and dispersing with acetone. Killifish, Oryzias latipes, as a freshwater fish; red sea bream, Pagrus major, as a saltwater fish; and daphnia, Daphnia magna, as a representative crustacean, were used for testing. The chemical analysis of each preparation of test solution with gas chromatography revealed an entirely different profile of the components. The highest toxicity was obtained with preparation by acetone dispersion. That was followed by the preparations with direct dosing method and with the method of dilution of saturated concentration stock solution. Considering the results obtained, the direct dosing method with a suitable settling time may provide useful information enabling extrapolation of the test results to the natural environment for complex multicomponent compounds. Chemical Biotesting Center, Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Tadokoro H H Maeda M M Kawashima Y Y Kitano M M Hwang D F DF Yoshida T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 67-64-1 Acetone 8007-45-2 Coal Tar 8021-39-4 Creosote IM Acetone chemistry Animals Chromatography, Gas Coal Tar toxicity Creosote toxicity Daphnia Fishes Lethal Dose 50 Oryzias Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2065631 1991 08 12 1991 08 12 2000 12 18

0147-6513 21 2 1991 Apr Ecotoxicological effects assessment: a comparison of several extrapolation procedures. 182-93 In the future, extrapolation procedures will become more and more important for the effect assessment of compounds in aquatic systems. For achieving a reliable method these extrapolation procedures have to be evaluated thoroughly. As a first step three extrapolation procedures are compared by means of two sets of data, consisting of (semi)chronic and acute toxicity test results for 11 aquatic species and 8 compounds. Because of its statistical basis the extrapolation procedure of Van Straalen and Denneman is preferred over the procedures of the EPA and Stephan et al. The results of the calculations showed that lower numbers of toxicity data increase the chance of underestimating the risk of a compound. Therefore it is proposed to extend the OECD guidelines for algae, Daphnia, and fish with chronic (aquatic) toxicity tests for more species of different taxonomic groups. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Okkerman P C PC vd Plassche E J EJ Slooff W W Van Leeuwen C J CJ Canton J H JH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Comparative Study Lethal Dose 50 Models, Biological Species Specificity United States United States Environmental Protection Agency Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects toxicity Water Pollution adverse effects 1868782 1991 09 19 1991 09 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 21 3 1991 Jun A comparative study of genotype sensitivity to acute toxic stress using clones of Daphnia magna straus. 257-65 The genetic typing of laboratory strains of Daphnia magna revealed that although there are genetic differences between different testing laboratory strains, most laboratories culture single genotypes as clones. A comparative study was made of the performance of five of the more common clones in terms of neonate mortality under acute exposure to nine toxic chemicals. The range in clonal EC50 response was from less than one to more than two orders of magnitude in terms of concentration. Surprisingly, there was little pattern in rank order of response of clones exposed to different toxicants, thus suggesting that genotype-environment interactions were predominating. Nevertheless, it was suggested that specifying the genotype used in D. magna toxicity tests will result in increased test repeatability. Evidence indicating that culture environment may also significantly affect the performance of neonates in acute toxicity tests was also presented. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Baird D J DJ Barber I I Bradley M M Soares A M AM Calow P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Isoenzymes 0 Metals IM Animals Daphnia drug effects enzymology genetics Genotype Isoenzymes analysis genetics Metals pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicology methods Variation (Genetics) 1868783 1991 09 19 1991 09 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 21 3 1991 Jun Piperonyl butoxide as a tool in aquatic toxicological research with organophosphate insecticides. 266-74 Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of piperonyl butoxide, a synthetic methylenedioxyphenyl inhibitor of cytochrome(s) P450, on the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides to three cladoceran test species: Ceriodaphnia dubia. Daphnia magna, and Daphnia pulex. Coadministration of piperonyl butoxide effectively reduced the acute toxicity of four metabolically activated organophosphates (parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, and malathion) and did not affect the toxicity of three organophosphates not requiring metabolic activation (dichlorvos, chlorfenvinphos, and mevinphos). These results indicate that piperonyl butoxide may be an effective tool in toxicological research focused upon identifying specific compounds responsible for toxicity in complex aqueous mixtures. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Ankley G T GT Dierkes J R JR Jensen D A DA Peterson G S GS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides, Organophosphate 51-03-6 Piperonyl Butoxide 9035-51-2 Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System drug effects Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Insecticides, Organophosphate pharmacology Piperonyl Butoxide pharmacology Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Toxicology methods 1868787 1991 09 19 1991 09 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 21 3 1991 Jun Acute toxicity tests using rotifers. IV. Effects of cyst age, temperature, and salinity on the sensitivity of Brachionus calyciflorus. 308-17 Several aspects of the response to toxicants using a standardized toxicity test with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus are described. Test animals are obtained by hatching cysts which produce animals of similar age and physiological condition. The acute toxicity of 28 compounds is described with 24-hr LC50's. The LC50's span five orders of magnitude, from silver at 0.008 mg.liter-1 to benzene at more than 1000 mg.liter-1. Control mortality in 84 tests averaged 2% with a standard deviation of 3%, indicating very consistent test sensitivity. Only once in 84 trials did a test fail because of excessive control mortality, yielding a failure rate of 1.2%. Cyst age from 0 to 18 months had no effect on the sensitivity of neonates to reference toxicants. Both high and low temperatures increased rotifer sensitivity to reference toxicants. Copper sensitivity was greater at 10, 25, and 30 degrees C compared with results at 20 degrees C. Likewise, sodium pentachlorophenol toxicity was greater at 10 and 30 degrees C compared with results at 20 degrees C. Survivorship curves at 25 degrees C of neonates under control conditions indicated that mortality begins at about 30 hr. This places a practical limit on toxicant exposure for the assay of 24 hr. B. calyciflorus cysts hatch at salinities up to 5 ppt and acute toxicity tests using pentachlorophenol at this salinity yielded LC50's about one-half those of standard freshwater. B. calyciflorus is preferred over Brachionus plicatilis for toxicity tests in salinities up to 5 ppt because it is consistently more sensitive. Division of Science, University of Tampa, Florida 33606. Snell T W TW Moffat B D BD Janssen C C Persoone G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Metals IM Animals Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental Pollution Metals toxicity Osmolar Concentration Rotifera drug effects growth & development physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Temperature 1898106 1991 10 23 1991 10 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 21 1 1991 Jul The toxicity of chlorothalonil to aquatic fauna and the impact of its operational use on a pond ecosystem. 1-9 Chlorothalonil is a fungicide whose heavy use in eastern Canada gives it the potential for significant aquatic contamination. Laboratory bioassays and field treatments of a pond system were undertaken to determine the toxic effects of chlorothalonil on aquatic fauna. The 96-h LC50 of technical chlorothalonil for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was 76 micrograms/L and was not significantly different (p less than 0.05) from that of the formulated product (Bravo 500). The 96-h LC50 of Bravo 500 for blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and clams (Mya arenaria) was 5.9 mg/L and 35.0 mg/L respectively, while its 48-h LC50 to Daphnia magna was between 130 micrograms/L and 200 micrograms/L. Chlorothalonil exposure of Daphnia to concentrations as low as 32 micrograms/L significantly (p less than 0.05) increased the time to production of first young, but there were no delayed effects on number of young produced or growth at concentrations of 180 micrograms/L or less. Chlorothalonil was initially accumulated by blue mussels to concentrations approximately ten times greater than exposure concentrations; however, tissue concentrations returned to the same level as exposure concentrations within 96 h. Spraying of ponds resulted in mortality of caged water boatmen (Sigara alternata) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) which could be related to chlorothalonil exposure, however, caddisfly larvae (Limnephilus sp.), freshwater clams (Psidium sp.), water beetles (Haliplus sp.), scud (Gamarus spp.) and midge larvae (Chironomidae) did not suffer substantial chlorothalonil-induced mortality. Changes in endemic benthic invertebrate abundance after sprays were not remarkable or related to treatment. Faunal impacts in the pond were generally of a smaller magnitude than were predicted by bioassay results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Environmental Protection, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Ernst W W Doe K K Jonah P P Young J J Julien G G Hennigar P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Nitriles 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1897-45-6 tetrachloroisophthalonitrile IM Animals Clams Fishes Fungicides, Industrial toxicity Insects Mussels Nitriles toxicity Trout Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 1914991 1991 11 21 1991 11 21 2003 11 14

0147-6513 22 1 1991 Aug An early life-stage test with Daphnia magna Straus: an alternative to the 21-day chronic test? 1-7 Chronic life-cycle tests using the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna aim to measure the effect of toxic chemicals on adult reproduction, in terms of the number of viable offspring produced. A tacit assumption is made that the primary effect of toxicants in these tests is a sublethal effect on the parent, reducing egg production and hence fecundity. The authors' observations on two chemicals, sodium bromide and 3,4-dichloroaniline, demonstrate that this assumption is at least partly false. In these experiments, the primary toxic effect of these compounds was to kill developing eggs in the brood chamber. Total egg output was unaffected, whereas output of viable eggs was severely impaired--an acute lethal effect. A further experiment demonstrated that the effect was limited to those eggs developing in the brood chamber, with eggs in the ovary remaining unaffected. It was suggested that these observations may provide the basis for the development of a short, sensitive early life-stage test with this species. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Baird D J DJ Barber I I Soares A M AM Calow P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Bromides 0 Sodium Compounds 7440-23-5 Sodium 7647-15-6 sodium bromide 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Bromides toxicity Daphnia embryology growth & development Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Female Ovum drug effects Sodium toxicity Sodium Compounds Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1914992 1991 11 21 1991 11 21 2003 11 14

0147-6513 22 1 1991 Aug A comparison of the sensitivity of three Daphnia magna populations under chronic heavy metal stress. 24-31 The results from chromium, nickel, and zinc bioassays with three populations of Daphnia magna indicate that the investigated strains are differently sensitive. Sublethal concentrations which have a negative effect on survival and reproduction after 21 days of exposure also cause a significant reduction in the body length and brood size of primiparous females. Problems and consequences of the repeatability of such bioassays between laboratories in different countries are discussed. Staatliches Amt für Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft, Herten, Germany. Münzinger A A Monicelli F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 7440-02-0 Nickel 7440-47-3 Chromium 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Chromium toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Nickel toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zinc toxicity 1920451 1991 11 01 1991 11 01 2003 11 14

0022-2844 33 2 1991 Aug Cloning and characterization of Daphnia mitochondrial DNA. 152-5 The mitochondrial genome of Daphnia pulex (Crustacea, Cladocera) was cloned as a single fragment into the plasmid vector pUC12. The genome size, estimated from restriction endonuclease fragment lengths, is 15,400 +/- 200 base pairs. The GC content, estimated from thermal denaturation studies, is 42%. The positions of 39 cleavage sites were mapped for 14 restriction enzymes. The distribution of these sites within the genome is random (P = 0.44). Heterologous hybridizations with Drosophila sylvestris mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) probes indicate that gene orders within Daphnia and Drosophila mtDNAs are similar. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Canada. Stanton D J DJ Crease T J TJ Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Mol Evol 0360051 0 DNA, Mitochondrial IM Animals Base Composition Cloning, Molecular DNA, Mitochondrial genetics metabolism Daphnia genetics Drosophila genetics Restriction Mapping Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1926175 1991 11 21 1991 11 21 2003 11 14

0041-0101 29 6 1991 [Toxicity of the molluscicidal plant, Ambrosia maritima L., to aquatic non-target organisms] 745-50 The toxicity of the molluscicidal plant, Ambrosia maritima L., has been evaluated in fish, crustacea and algae. The LC50 for fries of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus, was respectively 650 and 450 mg/litre using a powder or an ether-methanol-hexane extract from the leaves of the plant. This concentration is much higher than the molluscicidal concentration (LC90) of 35 to 70 mg/litre, which is used in the field (irrigation canals in Egypt). Preliminary tests showed that juveniles of L. reticulatus and Tilapia aurea were as sensitive as the fries. Using the same extract of A. maritima the LC50 for Daphnia magna was 766 mg/litre and no toxic effects could be observed in algae Selenastrum capricornutum at 1 g/litre. It can be concluded that A. maritima has a very low toxicity to aquatic non-target organisms. It is not toxic when used at the molluscicidal concentration of 35 to 70 mg/litre. Institut de Médecine Tropicale, Département Vétérinaire, Antwerpen, Belgique. Alard F F Geerts S S Triest L L fre Journal Article Toxicite d'Ambrosia maritima L., plante molluscicide, sur les organismes aquatiques non-cibles.

ENGLAND Toxicon 1307333 0 Molluscacides 0 Plant Extracts IM Algae Animals Daphnia English Abstract Lethal Dose 50 Molluscacides toxicity Plant Extracts toxicity Plants, Toxic chemistry Poecilia Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1932868 1991 12 13 1991 12 13 2003 11 14

0007-4861 47 1 1991 Jul Reproductive value and the cost of reproduction in Daphnia carinata and Echinisca triserialis (Crustacea: Cladocera) exposed to food and cadmium stress. 76-83 Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, India. Chandini T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Crustacea drug effects physiology Daphnia drug effects physiology Food Deprivation Reproduction drug effects physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1953028 1991 12 10 1991 12 10 2003 11 14

0090-4341 21 3 1991 Sep Chronic toxicity of a pure and technical grade pentachlorophenol to Daphnia magna. 388-94 Chronic toxicity test procedures (static, with renewal) were used to determine the chronic toxicity of sublethal concentrations of a technical formulation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and pure pentachlorophenol to Daphnia magna. Test organisms 48 +/- 12 h old were exposed for their entire lifespan (i.e., until death) to 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg technical PCP/L and 0.01, 0.087 and 0.1 mg pure PCP/L. Criteria used to assess chronic toxicity were mean time to appearance of the primiparous instar in the brood chamber, mean number of days to release of the first brood, mean number of broods produced per female, mean brood size per female, mean number of reproductive days, mean number of young produced per reproductive day per female and survivorship. Pentachlorophenol differentially affected maturation and reproduction but not survivorship or longevity. Mean number of broods produced per daphnid, length of the reproductive period, longevity and survivorship were insensitive criteria relative to mean time to appearance of the primiparous instar, time to release of first brood, brood size, and number of young produced per daphnid per reproductive day. Generally, there was little difference in toxicity of the three concentrations of pure PCP, for they significantly reduced mean brood size and rate of reproduction of young and significantly but differentially affected maturation. Technical PCP, at the highest concentration of 0.5 mg/L, significantly reduced mean brood size and the rate of production of young, and significantly delayed both time to appearance of the primiparous instar and release of the first brood. When differences in toxicity occurred, generally, pure PCP was more toxic than comparable concentrations of technical PCP. Although enhanced maturation was observed there was no compensatory reproduction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Ecological Services for Planning Ltd., Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Stephenson G L GL Kaushik N K NK Solomon K R KR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Animals Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Lethal Dose 50 Pentachlorophenol toxicity Reproduction drug effects 1723529 1992 03 09 1992 03 09 2003 11 14

0272-4332 11 4 1991 Dec A study of the shape of dose-response curves for acute lethality at low response: a "megadaphnia study". 633-40 Dose-response curves were developed for the immobilization response in Daphnia magna to four toxicants. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of the form of the model and the number of concentration levels used on the estimates of typical low-dose effective concentrations (1%, 5%, 10%). The generalized four-parameter logistic model was used as the reference. When using 12 concentration levels, one of the logistic family two- or three-parameter models was shown reliably to represent each of these various sets of dose-response data, and to provide adequate estimates of EC01 and EC05, as well as EC10 and EC50. For two of the toxicants, an asymmetric model was required. When reducing the number of concentrations to five, the EC10 and EC50 were well estimated by the probit model, with acceptable results at the EC05 level. Sebaugh's Information Services, Lake Ozark, Missouri 65049. Sebaugh J L JL Wilson J D JD Tucker M W MW Adams W J WJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Risk Anal 8109978 0 Pharmaceutical Preparations 143-50-0 Chlordecone 68-12-2 Dimethylformamide 7440-50-8 Copper 7487-94-7 Mercuric Chloride 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate IM Animals Chlordecone toxicity Copper toxicity Copper Sulfate Daphnia drug effects Dimethylformamide toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Toxicity Human Logistic Models Maximum Allowable Concentration Mercuric Chloride toxicity Pharmaceutical Preparations administration & dosage 1781939 1992 03 17 1992 03 17 2003 11 14

0895-3988 4 4 1991 Dec The effects of organic ligands on the survival of Daphnia in Zn solution. 433-40 Bioassays involving zinc alone and in combinations with two organic ligands, namely histidine and EDTA were conducted on Daphnia longispina over a period of 96 h. The percentage of mortality was recorded and the Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) at 96 h estimated. The 96 h LC50 of D. longispina in zinc solution was 91 micrograms/l whereas no values of LC50 were revealed when D. longispina were exposed to histidine or EDTA alone although the organic ligands seemed to exert harmful effects (e.g. The mortality at 96 h was 18% at a concentration of 10 x 10(-5) M histidine and 16% at a concentration of 6 x 10(-6) M EDTA). However, addition of histidine and EDTA effectively reduced the toxicity of zinc to the test animals. The detoxification effect was the most obvious at the concentration of 100 micrograms/l Zn added with 5 x 10(-5) M histidine and 3 x 10(-6) M EDTA where 7-fold and 5-fold reduction in terms of mortality were noted. Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist College, Kowloon. Wong M H MH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Biomed Environ Sci 8909524 0 Ligands 0 Solutions 60-00-4 Edetic Acid 71-00-1 Histidine 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Edetic Acid metabolism Histidine metabolism Ligands Solutions Zinc antagonists & inhibitors metabolism toxicity 1536991 1992 03 31 1992 03 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 48 2 1992 Feb Effect of the dispersion of oil in freshwater based on time-dependent Daphnia magna toxicity tests. 209-15 Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, French Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Research, CEMAGREF, Lyon. Vindimian E E Vollat B B Garric J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Emulsions 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Emulsions Fresh Water Kinetics Petroleum toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 1790859 1992 04 02 1992 04 02 2003 11 14

0016-9900 9 1991 Sep [Biotesting in hygienic assessment of water quality] 13-6 Krasovskiĭ G N GN Alekseeva T V TV Egorova N A NA Zholdakova Z I ZI rus Journal Article Biotestirovanie v gigienicheskoĭ otsenke kachestva vody.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Fishes Maximum Allowable Concentration Water Pollutants, Chemical Water Supply analysis standards 1839218 1992 04 20 1992 04 20 2003 11 14

0470-4606 10 1991 [The effect of humic substances on the toxicity of copper and zinc for Daphnia magna] 130-5 The results of laboratory experiments of humic matter influence on toxic resistance of Daphnia magna to zinc and copper using water samples from a few Karelia water bodies are presented. The increasing of humic matter content in water samples has been shown to promote the binding of a part of metals in organic complexes that leads to decrease of their toxicity for hydrobionts. Feoktistov V M VM Morozov A K AK Zalicheva I N IN rus Journal Article Vliianie guminovykh veshchestv na toksichnost' medi i tsinka dlia Daphnia magna.

USSR Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki 0020417 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Interactions Drug Resistance English Abstract Humic Acids pharmacology Lethal Dose 50 Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zinc toxicity 1552528 1992 04 27 1992 04 27 2003 11 14

0022-2585 29 1 1992 Jan Oviposition attractants and stimulants for the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). 5-12 Oviposition preferences of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva for surfaces containing frass (colony remains), larval rearing medium, and rabbit feces were investigated in the laboratory. In oviposition choice chambers, significantly more eggs were laid on sites containing frass, larval rearing medium, or rabbit feces than on untreated control sites. Experiments using unwashed and washed materials indicated, for the first time, the presence of chemical oviposition attractants or stimulants or both in larval medium (consisting of equal weight proportions of rabbit feces, potting compost, sand, and Daphnia). In an olfactometer, aroma from rabbit feces strongly attracted ovipositing females, and significantly higher numbers of eggs were laid in the olfactometer test chamber containing the rabbit feces than in the untreated control chamber. In comparisons of oviposition responses to hexane and distilled water extracts of rabbit feces, only the water extract was attractive. Similarly, the distilled water extract of rabbit feces proved to be an oviposition stimulant. Females kept individually with filter papers impregnated with the extract of feces oviposited earlier and survived longer than females kept with untreated papers. Department of Medical Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, U.K. Elnaiem D E DE Ward R D RD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Med Entomol 0375400 0 Culture Media IM Animals Culture Media Feces Female Odors Oviposition Psychodidae physiology Rabbits Smell Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1813095 1992 06 16 1992 06 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 47 5 1991 Nov Suitability of commercially available spring waters as standard medium for culturing Daphnia magna. 775-82 Water Research Institute, National Council of Research, Brugherio, Milan, Italy. Viganó L L eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media IM Animals Body Weight physiology Comparative Study Culture Media Daphnia growth & development physiology Female Fresh Water Reproduction 1375017 1992 06 16 1992 06 16 2003 11 14

0090-4341 22 4 1992 May Aquatic hazard assessment of the organophosphate insecticide fonofos. 375-9 This study determined the acute and chronic toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide fonofos to standard freshwater aquatic organisms under laboratory conditions. Fonofos was acutely toxic to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), Daphnia (D. magna), and midge (Chironomous riparius) at 5.3, 2.7, and 39 micrograms/L, respectively. Three fonofos formulations (technical, 94.8% A.I.; 20G, field granular 20% A.I.; and 4E, field liquid 4#/gal A.I.) exhibited similar acute toxicities to bluegill. Exposure to fonofos delayed reproduction and decreased the intrinsic rate of increase of Daphnia during 21-d chronic exposure at the lowest tested concentration (0.08 micrograms/L). The no observable effect concentration (NOEC) for Daphnia survival was 0.42 micrograms/L; 0% survival occurred at the lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) of 1.45 micrograms/L. The NOEC for midge emergence was 3.42 micrograms/L; only 34% emergence occurred at the LOEC of 8.24 micrograms/L. Chronic 30-d exposure of juvenile bluegills decreased growth and survival at 5.65 micrograms/L (LOEC), but no effects occurred at 2.33 micrograms/L (NOEC). The relative hazard of fonofos to aquatic life is similar to other carbamate and organophosphate corn insecticides. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fisheries Contaminant Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Fairchild J F JF Little E E EE Huckins J N JN eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 944-22-9 Fonofos IM Animals Chironomidae Daphnia drug effects Fonofos toxicity Perciformes Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 1815359 1992 06 19 1992 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 109-110 1991 Dec QSAR for organic chemical bioconcentration in Daphnia, algae, and mussels. 387-94 Prediction of the bioconcentration of organic chemicals from water by aquatic organisms has important applications in the management of hazardous chemicals. This study gives a compilation of bioconcentration factors on a wet weight basis (BCFw) of 52 organic chemicals by Daphnia magna from aqueous solution. The bioconcentration factors for the chemicals in Daphnia were successfully correlated with their n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow) using a linear regression analysis. In addition to the ordinary least-square regression technique, the geometric mean regression technique is also used because this takes into account deviations in Kow values. Both results show that the Kow value of a chemical is a good predictor of the BCF in Daphnia. The BCF-Kow relationships between Daphnia, algae (Chlorella), and mussels (Mytilus edulis) are compared with each other. Institut für Okologische Chemie, Gesellschaft für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung, Neuherberg, FRG. Geyer H J HJ Scheunert I I Brüggemann R R Steinberg C C Korte F F Kettrup A A eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Xenobiotics IM Animals Chlorella metabolism Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Kinetics Mathematics Mussels metabolism Structure-Activity Relationship Xenobiotics chemistry metabolism 1815364 1992 06 19 1992 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 109-110 1991 Dec QSAR studies of comparative toxicity in aquatic organisms. 431-9 This study investigated the relationships between the toxicities of common organic pollutants to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), to Daphnia magna, to Tetrahymena pyriformis and in the Microtox test, which uses the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum. The toxicity data were compiled from the literature, with the exception of 40 experimentally determined Microtox data. Encouraging correlations are seen, indicating significant relationships between fish toxicities and those to lower organisms. When the toxicities of individual chemical classes are studied, further improvement is often seen in the correlations. Analysis of significant outliers from the inter-species relationships has led to the suggestion that the fathead minnow may be more susceptible to chemicals that are metabolised to reactive intermediates (such as the aldehydes). The fish may, however, be less susceptible to other chemical classes such as ketones and alcohols. School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Polytechnic, United Kingdom. Cronin M T MT Dearden J C JC Dobbs A J AJ eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinidae Daphnia Mathematics Photobacterium drug effects Solubility Structure-Activity Relationship Tetrahymena pyriformis drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 1815369 1992 06 19 1992 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 109-110 1991 Dec Regression and cluster analysis of the acute toxicity of 267 chemicals to six species of biota and the octanol/water partition coefficient. 499-514 The acute toxicities of 267 compounds to six aquatic and one terrestrial species were investigated with correlation, principal component and cluster analysis techniques for relationships with each other and with the compounds' octanol/water partition coefficient. Selection of the investigated chemicals was based on the availability of at least three of the following measured parameters: acute (24-h to 96-h) lethal concentrations (LC50) to the fish fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), the fish goldorfe (Leuciscus idus melanotus), the zooplankter Daphnia magna, the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, and the algae Scenedesmus quadricauda; the (30-min) inhibitory concentrations (EC50) to the luminescent marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum (the Microtox test); the acute oral dose (LD50) for the common Norway rat and the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P or log Kow). The results indicate highly significant correlations between the fathead minnow, goldorfe and Daphnia LC50 and the Photobacterium EC50 concentrations. The cluster and principal components analyses did not detect any clearly defined groups of compounds. The toxicities were also highly collinear with the octanol/water partition coefficients for all species except the rat, where two relationships are indicated, with the division at log P = 2.00. Lakes Research Branch, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario Canada. Kaiser K L KL Esterby S R SR eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Octanols 0 Xenobiotics 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae drug effects Animals Cluster Analysis Comparative Study Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Fishes Octanols Photobacterium drug effects Rats Regression Analysis Solubility Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Tetrahymena pyriformis drug effects Water Xenobiotics toxicity 1815374 1992 06 19 1992 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 109-110 1991 Dec QSAR issues in aquatic toxicity of surfactants. 557-68 Acute lethal toxicity data for a range of anionic and non-ionic surfactants are analysed with the aim of determining whether QSARs can be developed relating toxicity to calculated log P (octanol/water) values. Approaches have been developed for dealing with deficiencies in the fragment method for calculation of log P when applied to surfactants, and when these are applied it is found that log P-based QSARs for surfactants can be developed and are very similar to QSARs established for non-surfactant organic compounds with non-specific modes of action. Unilever Research Port Sunlight Laboratory, Wirral, Merseyside, United Kingdom. Roberts D W DW eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Mathematics Poecilia Regression Analysis Structure-Activity Relationship Surface-Active Agents chemistry toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 17 1350959 1992 07 13 1992 07 13 2003 11 14

0742-8413 101 1 1992 Effects of temperature on the anaesthetic potency of halothane, enflurane and ethanol in Daphnia magna (Cladocera: Crustacea). 15-9 1. The effects of temperature on the anesthetic potencies of halothane, enflurane and ethanol have been studied in the water flea Daphnia magna. 2. In the absence of anaesthetics, decreasing temperature resulted in decreased activity by the daphnids. 3. Potencies in the gas phase decreased with increasing temperature for all of the anaesthetics, while aqueous potency decreased for halothane and enflurane but increased for ethanol. 4. Enthalpy calculations suggest that the observed potency changes for the inhalational anaesthetics cannot be accounted for in terms of changing solubility in lipid bilayers but most likely reflect more specific interactions with animal target sites. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, U.K. McKenzie J D JD Calow P P Clyde J J Miles A A Dickinson R R Lieb W R WR Franks N P NP eng GM 41609 GM NIGMS Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 13838-16-9 Enflurane 151-67-7 Halothane 64-17-5 Ethanol IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Enflurane pharmacology Ethanol pharmacology Halothane pharmacology Kinetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Temperature Thermodynamics 1611244 1992 07 30 1992 07 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 49 2 1992 Aug Toxicity reduction associated with bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated groundwaters. 224-31 Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, California 92182. Carroquino M J MJ Gersberg R M RM Dawsey W J WJ Bradley M D MD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biodegradation Chromatography, Gas Daphnia Gasoline analysis toxicity Regression Analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 1379031 1992 08 26 1992 08 26 2003 11 14

0090-4341 23 1 1992 Jul Fate and effects of the insecticide Dursban 4E in indoor Elodea-dominated and macrophyte-free freshwater model ecosystems: I. Fate and primary effects of the active ingredient chlorpyrifos. 69-84 The fate of the insecticide Dursban 4E (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) and its effect on crustaceans and insects was studied in indoor experimental freshwater ecosystems that intended to mimick drainage ditches. A single dose (simulating aerial drift) was applied to achieve nominal chlorpyrifos concentrations of 5 or 35 micrograms/L. Two experiments were performed, one in which all model ecosystems were dominated by the macrophyte Elodea nuttallii, and one using systems devoid of macrophytes. In macrophyte-dominated systems, Elodea vegetation adsorbed a large proportion of the dose applied and hampered the mixing of the insecticide in the water (at least up till day 8). Only a small proportion became incorporated in the sediment. In open water systems the insecticide was rapidly mixed in the water, and the sediment played a very significant role as sink for chlorpyrifos. In both Elodea-dominated and open water systems 50% of the dose applied had disappeared on day 8 post-treatment. The rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifos was relatively rapid in water and macrophytes, and relatively slow in the sediment. Of the arthropods in the zooplankton Cladocera were more susceptible than Copepoda. Significant effects (p less than or equal to 0.05) on Cladocera occurred relatively late in Elodea-dominated systems (in week 4 post-application) in contrast to open water systems (week 1), which is in accordance with the observed differences in the fate of chlorpyrifos. Daphnia pulex, D. longispina and Simocephalus vetulus recovered in the model ecosystems when chlorpyrifos concentrations were lower than 0.1-0.2 micrograms/L, which is in agreement with results of laboratory protocol tests performed with these cladocerans. Among the macroscopic Arthropoda the apparent order of susceptibility was amphipods greater than insects greater than isopods. The isopod Asellus aquaticus was more sensitive to the application of the insecticide than the closely related species Proasellus coxalis. In treated open water systems the latter even increased significantly in numbers. Cage experiments in the model ecosystems performed with several species of Arthropoda indicate that laboratory protocol tests may give a reasonable prediction of short-term direct effects of chlorpyrifos for the same species inhabiting more complex aquatic systems. DLO the Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Brock T C TC Crum S J SJ van Wijngaarden R R Budde B J BJ Tijink J J Zuppelli A A Leeuwangh P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos IM Animals Chlorpyrifos pharmacokinetics toxicity Crustacea drug effects metabolism Ecology Fresh Water chemistry Insects drug effects metabolism Models, Biological Plants metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1354135 1992 09 16 1992 09 16 2003 11 14

0742-8413 101 3 1992 Apr Induction of cadmium tolerance in two clones of Daphnia magna straus. 571-7 1. The abilities of two different genotypes of Daphnia magna to develop cadmium resistance through physiological adaptation, after pre-exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cd/Zn mixtures, was investigated. 2. The induced elevation in cadmium tolerance was shown to be associated with an increase in the body concentration of metallothionein-like proteins. 3. The highly significant difference in acute responses to cadmium between the two clones reduced after pre-exposure. 4. Differences in cadmium tolerance were shown to be associated with differences in cadmium uptake. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, U.K. Stuhlbacher A A Bradley M C MC Naylor C C Calow P P eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc 9038-94-2 Metallothionein IM Animals Animals, Newborn metabolism Cadmium metabolism pharmacology Daphnia drug effects genetics Drug Tolerance physiology Genotype Metallothionein biosynthesis Variation (Genetics) genetics Zinc metabolism 1504524 1992 09 18 1992 09 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 48 5 1992 May Effects of kraft lignin and chlorolignin on the binding and bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene to Daphnia magna straus. 781-8 University of Joensuu, Department of Biology, Finland. Kukkonen J J Oikari A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene 8068-02-8 chlorolignin 8068-05-1 Kraft lignin 9005-53-2 Lignin IM Animals Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism pharmacokinetics Biological Availability Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects metabolism Industrial Waste Kinetics Lignin metabolism pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1392063 1992 11 25 1992 11 25 2003 11 14

1059-910X 22 4 1992 Sep 1 The aesthetasc concept: structural variations of putative olfactory receptor cell complexes in Crustacea. 325-35 The structure of the aesthetascs has been investigated in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (larvae and juveniles), the opossum shrimp Neomysis integer, the euphausid Meganyctiphanes, and in the water-fleas Daphnia magna and D. longispina. The aesthetascs, that are thought to represent olfactory receptors, exhibit a considerable structural variation, ranging from the well known aesthetascs of higher crustaceans (lobster, crab, crayfish) to the corresponding sensilla found in the water-fleas and the males of opossum shrimps. The two following morphological characteristics of the aesthetascs are thought to indicate an olfactory function: the shape of the cuticular hair that is long and essentially hose-shaped, and the thin, loosely arranged cuticle of at least the outer part of the cuticular hair. The presence of other structural elements such as sensory cells, cilia, and enveloping cells are vital for the olfactory function, but the development is variable, which makes their use in the morphological definition of aesthetascs problematic. Department of Zoology, University of Lund, Sweden. Hallberg E E Johansson K U KU Elofsson R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Microsc Res Tech 9203012 IM Animals Decapoda (Crustacea) ultrastructure Receptors, Sensory ultrastructure Sex Characteristics Smell Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1392317 1992 11 12 1992 11 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 49 5 1992 Nov Application of the short-term chronic test with Ceriodaphnia dubia in identifying sources of toxicity in industrial wastewaters. 765-71 Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, Massachusetts 02571. Jop K M KM Askew A M AM Terrio K F KF Simoes A T AT eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chemistry, Physical Daphnia physiology Female Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 1383312 1992 11 06 1992 11 06 2003 11 14

0360-1234 27 5 1992 Oct Relative sensitivity of Daphnia magna and Brachionus calyciflorus to five pesticides. 511-22 Comparative toxicity of several pesticides, lindane, endosulfan, pentachlorophenol (PCP),3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) and copper sulphate has been tested to determine their lethality in two species of freshwater invertebrates, Daphnia magna and Brachionus calyciflorus. D. magna was more sensitive than B. calyciflorus to all the toxicants tested except to copper sulphate. DCA was the most toxic compound to D. magna and was followed in order of decreasing toxicity by copper sulphate, PCP, endosulfan and lindane. Copper sulphate was the most toxic chemical tested to the rotifer B. calyciflorus and was followed by PCP, endosulfan, lindane and DCA. The 24 hr LC50 values (mg/L) for D. magna and B. calyciflorus, respectively, were: lindane, 1.64 and 22.5; endosulfan, 0.62 and 5.15; DCA, 0.20 and 61.5; PCP, 0.39 and 2.16; copper sulphate, 0.38 and 0.076. Dept. Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain. Ferrando M D MD Andreu-Moliner E E Fernández-Casalderrey A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Pesticides 115-29-7 Endosulfan 58-89-9 Lindane 7440-50-8 Copper 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Comparative Study Copper toxicity Copper Sulfate Daphnia drug effects Endosulfan toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Lindane toxicity Pentachlorophenol toxicity Pesticides toxicity Rotifera drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1357088 1992 11 23 1992 11 23 2003 11 14

8756-971X 8 3 1992 Sep Factors influencing the activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis treatments. 285-9 Environmental factors influence the effectiveness of microbial control agents in mosquito control programs. Four of these factors (water temperature, larval density, sunlight and the effect of associated filter feeders) were studied with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis under laboratory and semifield conditions in Europe using different instars of Aedes vexans, Ae. aegypti and Culex pipiens. Bioassays conducted at a low temperature (5 degrees C) yielded 10-fold higher LC50 and LC90 values compared with those conducted at a high temperature (25 degrees C). The efficacy of B.t.i. decreased in a linear manner with increasing larval density. Sunlight can reduce the effectiveness of B.t.i. by several times. Competition in food intake by filter feeding Daphnia resulted in lower mortality of mosquito larvae after B.t.i. applications. German Mosquito Control Association (KABS), Ludwigshafen, Germany. Becker N N Zgomba M M Ludwig M M Petric D D Rettich F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8511299 IM Aedes Animals Bacillus thuringiensis Culex Culicidae Daphnia Ecology Europe Larva Pest Control, Biological Species Specificity Sunlight Temperature 1421854 1992 12 04 1992 12 04 2003 11 14

0007-4861 49 4 1992 Oct Effects of chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc on survival and feeding of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa. 593-9 Department of Biology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T. Wong C K CK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals 7440-02-0 Nickel 7440-47-3 Chromium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Chromium toxicity Copper toxicity Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Eating drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Nickel toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zinc toxicity 1421856 1992 12 04 1992 12 04 2003 11 14

0007-4861 49 4 1992 Oct Toxicity of methylmercury to Daphnia pulex. 606-12 Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Chen T Y TY McNaught D C DC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Methylmercury Compounds IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects growth & development Lethal Dose 50 Life Tables Methylmercury Compounds toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1385079 1992 12 17 1992 12 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 24 1 1992 Aug Frozen algae as food for Daphnia magna Straus in toxicity testing. 58-62 As EC validity criteria for the production of Daphnia magna neonates in standard toxicity tests set fecundity minima which must be attained, it is important that culture conditions provide an adequate ration of high quality food. Maintaining a steady supply of fresh algae can be problematical so the possibility of using frozen food was investigated. The performance of three generations of D. magna fed on diets of fresh or frozen Chlorella was compared. There were no significant effects on fecundity due to food type or generation. Cumulative fecundity (over 21 days) on fresh or frozen food exceeded 120 neonates per female and satisfied that EC validity criterion (60 neonates per female). In addition criteria relating to survival and variability were met. We conclude that frozen Chlorella are an acceptable substitute for fresh algae. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Cox E J EJ Naylor C C Calow P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Animals Chlorella Daphnia drug effects physiology Female Fertility Food Freezing 1427210 1992 12 04 1992 12 04 2003 11 14

0016-9900 3 1992 Mar [The use of biotesting for the hygienic evaluation of the toxicity of the ash and cinder from thermoelectric power stations] 69-70 Priadko A L AL Aleksseva T V TV rus Journal Article Primenenie biotestirovaniia dlia gigienicheskoĭ otsenki toksichnosti zoloshlakov TETs.

RUSSIA Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Industrial Waste IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biological Assay methods Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Hordeum drug effects Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Power Plants Seeds drug effects Tetrahymena pyriformis drug effects 8428114 1993 03 09 1993 03 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 50 3 1993 Mar Synergistic effect of two- and four-component combinations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene and acenaphthene on Daphnia magna. 363-8 Department of Animal Health, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (I.N.I.A.), Madrid, Spain. Muñoz M J MJ Tarazona J V JV eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acenaphthenes 0 Anthracenes 0 Drug Combinations 0 Naphthalenes 0 Phenanthrenes 120-12-7 anthracene 83-32-9 acenaphthene 85-01-8 phenanthrene 91-20-3 naphthalene IM Acenaphthenes toxicity Animals Anthracenes toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Drug Combinations Drug Synergism Lethal Dose 50 Movement drug effects Naphthalenes toxicity Phenanthrenes toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8428116 1993 03 09 1993 03 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 50 3 1993 Mar Use of life-tables and application factors for evaluating chronic toxicity of kraft mill wastes on Daphnia magna. 377-84 I.P.N., Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, México D.F. Martínez-Jerónimo F F Villaseñor R R Espinosa F F Rios G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Industrial Waste adverse effects Lethal Dose 50 Paper Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7682500 1993 05 17 1993 05 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 25 2 1993 Apr Freeze-dried Chlorella vulgaris as food for Daphnia magna Straus in toxicity testing. 166-72 The continuous culture of fresh green algae for use as food for Daphnia magna in toxicity tests is labor intensive. The possibility of using freeze-dried Chlorella vulgaris as an off-the-shelf food was investigated. The performance of D. magna provided with freeze-dried food was investigated over several generations and was found to satisfy the current EC validity criteria. However, a number of life-history parameters, for example, fecundity and neonate size, were significantly reduced when compared to animals fed fresh algae. The effect of freeze drying on cell size and availability are investigated and discussed in relation to daphnid performance. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Naylor C C Bradley M C MC Calow P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Animals Chlorella Comparative Study Daphnia anatomy & histology physiology Diet Fertility Food Preservation Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 7682919 1993 05 27 1993 05 27 2003 11 14

0147-6513 25 1 1993 Feb Chromium toxicity on two linked trophic levels. I. Effects of contaminated algae on Daphnia magna. 64-71 The effects of feeding Daphnia magna on algae (Scenedesmus acutus) pretreated with different concentrations of Cr(VI) were studied. A positive effect on growth and newborn production rate was observed in the daphnids fed on algae exposed to 1 mg/liter Cr(VI). Fecundity and growth were drastically reduced in daphnids fed on algae exposed to 10 mg/liter Cr(VI). Since the algae, cultured in the presence of these two Cr(VI) concentrations, supplied daphnids with similar amounts of chromium, the observed effects on the population dynamics of D. magna were attributed more to alterations of the nutritional value of the algal food, due to the Cr treatment, than to a toxic effect of the metal. Istituto di Ecologia, Università di Parma, Italy. Gorbi G G Corradi M G MG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 7440-47-3 Chromium IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Chromium administration & dosage pharmacology toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development Reproduction drug effects 8490274 1993 06 16 1993 06 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 50 5 1993 May Accumulation and transfer of copper by Oocystis pusilla. 689-95 School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle 98195. Chang C C Sibley T H TH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-50-8 Copper IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development metabolism Animals Copper pharmacokinetics toxicity Daphnia metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8512961 1993 07 21 1993 07 21 2003 11 14

0006-3029 38 3 1993 May-Jun [A weak low-frequency magnetic field initiates the frequency dependent fluctuations of Daphnia magna heart contraction period] 511-9 The influence of low-frequency (16 Hz) sinusoidal magnetic field on period of Daphnia magna heart beatings was studied. Heart beatings were registered by optical method. Fluctuations of period of heart beatings were analyzed using fast Fourier transform algorithm. It was shown that alternating (16 Hz) magnetic field with magnetic induction of 140 microT combined with direct magnetic field (magnetic induction of 21 microT) causes the appearance of frequency-dependent maxima in the power spectra of heart beating fluctuations. The dynamics of the field effect was studied as the phases of its development, rise and fall, as well as temporal characteristics were determined. It was proposed that sensor of low-frequency magnetic field is incorporated in one of the regulatory pathways, controlling rhythmical beating activity. Chemeris N K NK Safronova V G VG rus Journal Article Slaboe nizkochastotnoe magnitnoe pole initsiruet chastotno-zavisimye fluktuatsii perioda sokrashcheniĭ serdtsa Daphnia magna.

RUSSIA Biofizika 0372666 IM Animals Daphnia physiology English Abstract Fourier Analysis Heart Rate Magnetics 8346220 1993 09 07 1993 09 07 2003 11 14

0027-8424 90 15 1993 Aug 1 Habitat-dependent hybrid parentage and differential introgression between neighboringly sympatric Daphnia species. 7079-83 Allozyme, morphological, and PCR-generated mtDNA markers were used to analyze hybrid parentage and introgression between the neighboringly sympatric crustaceans Daphnia galeata mendotae and Daphnia rosea. mtDNA analysis of D. galeata mendotae from 15 lakes and of D. rosea from 8 lakes revealed species-specific fragment patterns resulting from TaqI and RsaI digestion. No individuals of one parent species possessed the typical mtDNA of the other parent species, suggesting that mtDNA introgression is rare or nonexistent. Hybrids from 18 lakes possessed either the mtDNA patterns of D. rosea or of D. galeata mendotae, indicating that reciprocal hybridization occurs. The mtDNA genome of the dominant parent species in a lake was overrepresented in the hybrids, suggesting that hybridization most often involves females of the common species and males of the rare species. Such a pattern is consistent with the differing importance of density to the environmental induction of males and sexual eggs in Daphnia. For the assessment of nuclear gene flow, eight sympatric populations of each parental taxon and seven allopatric populations of D. galeata were analyzed for allozyme variation at nine polymorphic loci. Our results provided evidence for asymmetric interspecific gene flow involving alleles at six loci that are unlikely to be convergent or symplesiomorphic. This reticulate evolution accounted for much of the genetic divergence between European and North American populations of D. galeata. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada. Taylor D J DJ Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Oligodeoxyribonucleotides IM Aat-m Aat-s Ao Fum Gpi Ldh Pep-A Pep-D Pgm Animals Base Sequence Chimera DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Ecology Female Genes, Structural Genetics, Population Hybridization, Genetic Male Molecular Sequence Data Oligodeoxyribonucleotides chemistry Polymerase Chain Reaction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 8346626 1993 09 09 1993 09 09 2003 11 14

0304-4017 48 1-4 1993 Jun Environmental effects of the usage of avermectins in livestock. 109-25 Abamectin (avermectin B1) and ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1) are high molecular weight hydrophobic compounds, active against a variety of animal parasites and insects. Numerous environmental fate and effects studies have been carried out in the development of these two compounds as antiparasitic agents and for abamectin as a crop protection chemical. They were found to be immobile in soil (Koc > or = 4000), rapidly photodegraded in water (degradation half-life (t1/2) in the summer 0.5 days or less) and as thin films on surfaces (t1/2 < 1 day), and aerobically degraded in soil (ivermectin in soil/feces mixtures (t1/2) = 7-14 days; avermectin B1a in soils, t1/2 = 2-8 weeks) to less bioactive compounds. Abamectin is not taken up from the soil by plants, nor is it bioconcentrated by fish (calculated steady-state bioconcentration factor of 52, with rapid depuration). Daphnia magna is the fresh water species found to be most sensitive to ivermectin and abamectin (LC50 values of 0.025 and 0.34 ppb respectively); fish (e.g. rainbow trout) are much less sensitive to these compounds (LC50 values of 3.0 ppb and 3.2 ppb, respectively). In the presence of sediment, toxicity toward Daphnia is significantly reduced. The metabolism and degradation of ivermectin and abamectin result in reduced toxicity to Daphnia. Abamectin and ivermectin possess no significant antibacterial and antifungal activity. They display little toxicity to earthworms (LC50 values of 315 ppm and 28 ppm in soil for ivermectin and abamectin, respectively) or avians (abamectin dietary LC50 values for bobwhite quail and mallard duck of 3102 ppm and 383 ppm, respectively), and no phytotoxicity. Residues of the avermectins in feces of livestock affect some dung-associated insects, especially their larval forms. This does not delay degradation of naturally formed cattle pats under field conditions; however, in some cases, delays have been observed with artificially formed pats. Based on usage patterns, the availability of residue-free dung and insect mobility, overall effects on dung-associated insects will be limited. As abamectin and ivermectin undergo rapid degradation in light and soil, and bind tightly to soil and sediment, they will not accumulate and will not undergo translocation in the environment, minimizing any environmental impact on non-target organisms resulting from their use. Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065. Halley B A BA VandenHeuvel W J WJ Wislocki P G PG eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

NETHERLANDS Vet Parasitol 7602745 0 Anthelmintics 0 Insecticides 70288-86-7 Ivermectin 71751-41-2 abamectin IM Animals Animals, Domestic Anthelmintics metabolism toxicity Biodegradation Environmental Pollution Insecticides metabolism toxicity Ivermectin analogs & derivatives metabolism toxicity Soil Microbiology Sunlight 39 8346641 1993 09 09 1993 09 09 2003 11 14

0304-4017 48 1-4 1993 Jun Environmental assessment of avermectins by the US Food and Drug Administration. 281-94 The Center of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to include in its decision making, an objective consideration of the potential environmental impacts associated with each contemplated action. As part of the application process for new animal drugs, detailed data must be submitted in order to develop a prediction of the environmental fate and effects of the drug and/or its active metabolites. Ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1) is a highly active antiparasitic animal drug utilized in a variety of injectable, oral and topical formulations. Residues of this drug may reach the environment through manufacturing and animal wastes and may potentially have effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. A comprehensive data base has been submitted to the FDA in support of the environmental assessments for ivermectin drug products. Detailed information has been submitted on the physical and chemical properties, introduction, fate and effects of the ivermectins in the environment. These data indicate that ivermectin binds tightly to soil and is subject to photodegradation and biotransformation to less active compounds. In contrast, ivermectin is highly toxic to certain aquatic organisms but would not be expected to partition into the aquatic environment. Much lower toxicity has been demonstrated toward bacteria, fungi, earthworms, plants and birds. CVM evaluated ivermectin products based on the use pattern of the product, the metabolism pattern in target animals, calculations of potential ivermectin residue concentrations in the environment and data on persistence, soil sorption and acute toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Division of Toxicology and Environmental Sciences, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20855. Bloom R A RA Matheson J C JC 3rd eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Vet Parasitol 7602745 70288-86-7 Ivermectin IM Animals Biodegradation Cattle Cattle Diseases drug therapy prevention & control Daphnia Environmental Pollution adverse effects legislation & jurisprudence Feces chemistry Ivermectin administration & dosage chemistry therapeutic use toxicity Parasitic Diseases drug therapy prevention & control Parasitic Diseases, Animal Sheep Swine United States United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Food and Drug Administration 1307785 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Eco-toxicologic studies of the effect of boat engine emissions] 165-78 Matthias U U ger Journal Article Okotoxikologische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Bootsmotor-Immissionen.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 71-43-2 Benzene IM Algae Animals Benzene analysis toxicity Cell Survival drug effects Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Fuel Oils analysis toxicity Photobacterium Ships Species Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307790 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Biological warning systems for the detection of pollutant incidents of the Rhine river] 203-10 Irmer U U ger Journal Article Biologische Warnsysteme zur Erfassung von Störfällen am Rhein.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Astacoidea Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Human Water Microbiology Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical prevention & control 1307792 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Measuring emission in the Elbe river at Schnackenburg for monitoring pollution and experiences with biological warning and alarm systems at the Hamburg measuring site] 211-22 Gaumert T T ger Journal Article Immissionsmessungen in der Elbe bei Schnackenburg zur Uberwachung der Vorbelastung und Erfahrungen mit biologischen Warn- und Alarmeinrichtungen in Hamburger Messstationen.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Germany Human Maximum Allowable Concentration Water Microbiology Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307794 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Employment of continuous biotest systems for monitoring the Rhine river] 233-46 As a part of the work of the German Commission for the Prevention of Pollution of the River Rhine biological test automats are developed and proved in a research project. The joint project "Development, Testing and Implementation of Biotests for the Monitoring of the River Rhine" sponsored by the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT) and the Federal Environmental Agency (UBA), aims to provide a scientific and technical basis for an improved Rhine monitoring system. To realize a biological effect monitoring with functional subjects at the trophic levels of producers, primary and secondary consumers and destruents, the test spectrum includes algae, mussels, daphnia, fishes, and bacteria. Moreover, at the suborganismic level a test system with plant protoplasts is tested. Assessment schemes for the evaluation of measuring data and alarm situations, and limit values for releasing alarms are defined by the Working Group "Biotests for the Monitoring of the River Rhine" (WIR). By means of applicability criteria the most suitable biotests are chosen and recommended for the use on the River Rhine. The first results are presented in this paper. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin. Schmitz P P Irmer U U Krebs F F ger Journal Article Einsatz kontinuierlicher Biotestsyteme zur Uberwachung des Rheins.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals English Abstract Environmental Monitoring instrumentation Equipment Failure Germany Human Maximum Allowable Concentration Reproducibility of Results Species Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical analysis prevention & control 1307804 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [The dynamic daphnia test: experiences from the measuring site for bodies of water] 349-59 Puzicha H H ger Journal Article Der dynamische Daphnientest: Erfahrungen aus dem Messstationsbetrieb am Gewässer.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring instrumentation Equipment Failure Maximum Allowable Concentration Motor Activity drug effects Reference Values Reproducibility of Results Swimming Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical analysis prevention & control 1307810 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [A biotest program for risk evaluation of sediments] 415-25 Noack U U ger Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial Biotestprogramme zur Risikobewertung von Sedimenten.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Maximum Allowable Concentration Photobacterium Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 17 1339172 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Possibilities for using biotests for the assessment of the hazard potential of ground water with hazardous sediments] 451-7 Wegener I I ger Journal Article Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Biotests zur Abschätzung des Gefährdungspotentials von Grundwasser aus dem Altlastenbereich.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae Algae, Green Animals Cells, Cultured drug effects Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Hazardous Waste analysis Mutagenicity Tests Photobacterium Rotavirus Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Tetrahymena Trout Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 1307815 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Easily eliminated substances (photo-degradation, stripping, biodegradation)] 49-51 Gode P P ger Journal Article Untersuchungen leicht eliminierbarer Substanzen (Photoabbau, Stripping, Bioabbau).

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biodegradation Biological Availability Daphnia metabolism Environmental Monitoring methods Maximum Allowable Concentration Metabolic Clearance Rate physiology Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis pharmacokinetics toxicity 1307816 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Biotest studies for evaluating hazardous waste water with reference to section 7a WHG] 501-22 Hagendorf U U Börnert W W ger Journal Article Biotestuntersuchungen zur Fragestellung gefährlichen Abwassers im Sinne des section 7a WHG.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring legislation & jurisprudence Fishes Hazardous Waste legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control Human Industrial Waste legislation & jurisprudence Maximum Allowable Concentration Photobacterium Waste Disposal, Fluid legislation & jurisprudence Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307817 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Biological test procedures in compliance with AbwAG and WHG] 523-6 Landesamt für Wasser und Abfall Nordrhein Westfalen, Düsseldorf. Knie J J ger Journal Article Biologische Testverfahren in der Vollzugspraxis des AbwAG und WHG.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Industrial Waste IM Algae Animals Cell Division drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia Environmental Monitoring legislation & jurisprudence Fishes Industrial Waste legislation & jurisprudence Maximum Allowable Concentration Oxygen Consumption drug effects Photobacterium Waste Disposal, Fluid legislation & jurisprudence Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307818 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Detection of hazardous substances in waste water with reference to biodegradability and toxicity for evaluating the status of the technique exemplified by gas station and automobile repair shop waste water] 527-38 Trénel J J ger Journal Article Feststellung gefährlicher Stoffe im Abwasser hinsichtlich Abbaubarkeit und Toxizität zur Ermittlung des Standes der Technik am Beispiel von Tankstellen- und KFZ-Werkstattabwässern.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Hydrocarbons 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Automobiles Daphnia Environmental Monitoring legislation & jurisprudence Fishes Fuel Oils analysis toxicity Human Hydrocarbons analysis toxicity Industrial Waste legislation & jurisprudence Maximum Allowable Concentration Photobacterium Waste Disposal, Fluid legislation & jurisprudence Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307819 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Evaluation of insoluble substances in aquatic toxicity tests] 53-66 Steinhäuser K G KG ger Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial Prüfung schwerlöslicher Substanzen in aquatischen Toxizitätstests.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Maximum Allowable Concentration Solubility Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis pharmacokinetics toxicity 18 1307822 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 Cyst-based toxicity tests. VI: Toxkits and Fluotox tests as cost-effective tools for routine toxicity screening. 563-75 During the last two decades microbiotests have been developed which are independent of recruitment, maintenance and/or culturing of live stocks of test organisms. "Culture and maintenance free" microbiotests have been worked out in the Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution at the University of Ghent, with selected aquatic invertebrates. The new approach is based on the use of "resting stages" (cysts) as inert biological material from which live test organisms can be hatched "on demand". The "cyst-based" bioassays have recently been miniaturized in Toxkits. Four cyst-based screening tests have reached the stage of commercialization: two freshwater 24h-LC50 tests (Rotoxkit F and Streptoxkit F) and two estuarine/marine 24h-LC50 bioassays (Rotoxkit M and Artoxkit M), based on cysts of rotifer and crustacean species, respectively. Recently, the same laboratory has also been focusing on the development of a "rapid" (one hour) sublethal bioassays with aquatic invertebrates. The so called "Fluotox" screening test is based on the visual observation of in vivo inhibition of an enzymatic process, using a fluorescent substrate. Besides the advantages of rapidity and cost-effectiveness, the Fluotox assay also appears to have a remarkable predictive potential for mortality, as displayed by the remarkable correlation between the Fluotox 1h-EC50's and conventional 24h-LC50's with the same species. Persoone G G eng Journal Article

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring methods Larva Ovum Rotifera Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 1307831 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Neutral and zwitterionic detergents: dependence of biological effectiveness on critical micellar concentration] 679-87 The biological activity of various zwitterionic and nonionic detergents was studied as a function of the corresponding critical micellar concentration (CMC-values). The criteria chosen to measure biological activities were inhibition of bioluminescence, lysis and cell-killing of Vibrio fischeri, hemolysis, and inhibition of Daphnia magna. When Zwittergent-detergents were studied in three different bioassays their biological activity increased with decreasing CMC-values. However, the biological activity of various TWEEN-detergents and alkylglucopyranosides depended on CMC-values in a very different way. We therefore conclude that CMC-values, length of alkylgroups and charge are parameters not yet sufficient to predict the potential toxicity of detergents. Hoffmann S S Winkler U U ger Journal Article Neutrale und zwitterionische Detergenzien: Abhängigkeit der biologischen Wirksamkeit von der kritischen Micellenkonzentration.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Detergents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Cell Survival drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Detergents analysis toxicity English Abstract Environmental Monitoring methods Erythrocytes drug effects Human Luminescence Maximum Allowable Concentration Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8378432 1993 10 21 1993 10 21 2003 11 14

0031-8655 58 1 1993 Jul Phototoxicity of (1H-indenyl)thiophenes. 49-52 The (1H-indenyl)thiophene derivatives 2 and 3 were recently reported to be excellent singlet oxygen sensitizers, comparable to alpha-terthienyl (1). The phototoxicity of these compounds was compared, using human erythrocytes, Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, Daphnia magna, and fish (fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas). The known ranking of the photooxidation properties was found to be a good predictor of phototoxic properties in erythrocytes and mosquito larvae but not in daphnias. All three compounds photosensitized the cleavage of supercoiled pBR322 DNA to the same extent. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago 60607. Herrnreiter M M Kagan J J Chen X X Lau K Y KY D'Auria M M Vantaggi A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Photochem Photobiol 0376425 0 DNA, Bacterial 0 Photosensitizing Agents 0 Thiophenes IM Aedes drug effects radiation effects Animals Comparative Study DNA, Bacterial drug effects radiation effects Erythrocytes drug effects radiation effects Fishes Human Photochemistry Photosensitizing Agents chemistry toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Thiophenes chemistry toxicity 7691537 1993 11 09 1993 11 09 2003 11 14

0147-6513 26 1 1993 Aug Toxicity of sediments and sediment pore waters from the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor, Indiana area of concern. 86-112 The assessment of contaminated sediments is a difficult task due to the complex nature of the sediment matrix and the potential for exposure of aquatic organisms to in-place contaminants via several routes. Differential species sensitivity also precludes the completion of a meaningful environmental assessment with only one species. Therefore, a battery of assays approach with the Microtox assay, 48 hr Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia tests and a 10-day Chironomous tentans test was used to evaluate the toxicity of sediment pore waters and whole sediments from the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor, Indiana area of concern. All toxicity tests indicated that the test fractions (pore water, whole sediment) from each study site were toxic to the test species. A toxic units (TU) approach was used to compare measured TU from each assay with calculated TU based on chemical analyses of pore waters and whole sediments and the results of reference toxicant tests. Based on the results of these analyses, ammonia, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and bicarbonate ion appear to be the major contaminants of environmental significance to benthic invertebrates within the study area. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1222. Hoke R A RA Giesy J P JP Zabik M M Unger M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chironomidae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water chemistry Indiana Lethal Dose 50 Photobacterium drug effects Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8406104 1993 10 22 1993 10 22 2003 11 14

0016-9900 6 1993 Jun [The use of biological testing in hygienic assessment of water quality] 75-6 Naboka M V MV rus Journal Article Ob ispolźovaii biotestirovaniia v gigienicheskoĭ otsenke kachestva vody.

RUSSIA Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Pesticides IM Animals Daphnia drug effects microbiology Pesticides adverse effects Water Supply analysis 8224329 1993 12 16 1993 12 16 2003 11 14

0265-203X 10 5 1993 Sep-Oct The use of Daphnia magna for detection of okadaic acid in mussel extracts. 603-8 Okadaic acid (OA), the main toxin responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) has toxicity for Daphnia magna (EC50 = 15 +/- 1.8 micrograms/l). A Daphnia bioassay was developed and used to analyse okadaic acid in mussel extracts. A linear correlation was found between OA concentration determined by the Daphnia bioassay and by HPLC assay (r = 0.85; p < 0.001). The Daphnia bioassay can measure OA levels 10 times below the threshold of the mouse bioassay method. It is an inexpensive sensitive tool which can be used in replacement of mouse bioassay for the screening of OA and some co-extracting toxins in mussel extracts. Laboratoire de Physiologie, Cellulaire et Moléculaire-Université de Caen Esplanade de la Paix, France. Vernoux J P JP Le Baut C C Masselin P P Marais C C Baron B B Choumiloff R R Proniewski F F Nizard G G Bohec M M eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Food Addit Contam 8500474 0 Ethers, Cyclic 0 Ionophores 78111-17-8 Okadaic Acid IM Animals Biological Assay methods Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Comparative Study Daphnia Ethers, Cyclic analysis Food Contamination analysis Ionophores analysis Okadaic Acid Shellfish analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8241620 1994 01 03 1994 01 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 51 5 1993 Nov Pollution studies in the Río Santiago Basin, tributary of the Río de la Plata Estuary: preliminary risk assessment evaluation. 657-64 Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina. Ronco A E AE Sobrero M C MC Rossini G G GG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons IM Animals Argentina Artemia Daphnia Industrial Waste Lethal Dose 50 Photometry Polycyclic Hydrocarbons analysis toxicity Risk Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollution adverse effects analysis 8241625 1994 01 03 1994 01 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 51 5 1993 Nov Acute toxicity of several pesticides, organic compounds, and a wastewater effluent to the freshwater mussel, Anodonta imbecilis, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Pimephales promelas. 696-702 St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida 32178-1429. Keller A E AE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants 12789-03-6 Chlordan 8001-35-2 Toxaphene IM Animals Chlordan analysis toxicity Chromatography, Gas Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Lethal Dose 50 Mussels physiology Pesticides analysis toxicity Toxaphene analysis toxicity Water Pollutants analysis toxicity 8244001 1994 01 06 1994 01 06 2003 11 14

0016-6731 135 2 1993 Oct Population structure in Daphnia obtusa: quantitative genetic and allozymic variation. 367-74 Quantitative genetic analyses for body size and for life history characters within and among populations of Daphnia obtusa reveal substantial genetic variance at both hierarchical levels for all traits measured. Simultaneous allozymic analysis on the same population samples indicate a moderate degree of differentiation: GST = 0.28. No associations between electrophoretic genotype and phenotypic characters were found, providing support for the null hypothesis that the allozymic variants are effectively neutral. Therefore, GST can be used as the null hypothesis that neutral phenotypic evolution within populations led to the observed differentiation for the quantitative traits, which I call QST. The results of this study provide evidence that natural selection has promoted diversification for body size among populations, and has impeded diversification for relative fitness. Analyses of population differentiation for clutch size, age at reproduction, and growth rate indicate that neutral phenotypic evolution cannot be excluded as the cause. Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124. Spitze K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 0 Isoenzymes IM Analysis of Variance Animals Comparative Study Daphnia genetics Electrophoresis, Starch Gel Gene Frequency Genotype Isoenzymes analysis genetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 8245949 1994 01 03 1994 01 03 2003 11 14

8756-971X 9 3 1993 Sep Predation by a cyprinodontid fish, Aphanius mento, on Culex pipiens: effects of alternative prey and vegetation. 356-8 We assessed the effects of an alternative prey species (Daphnia magna) and a submergent plant (Ceratophyllum demersum) on the efficiency of the fish, Aphanius mento, to prey on mosquito (Culex pipiens) larvae in the laboratory. Aphanius mento is an untested biological control candidate of mosquitoes. When D. magna was introduced with equal numbers of Cx. pipiens larvae, there was a 50.7% reduction in predation by A. mento on the mosquito larvae. However, the more D. magna a fish ate, the more Cx. pipiens it consumed. Ceratophyllum demersum did not affect predation rates on Cx. pipiens larvae. Laboratory for Community Ecology, University of Haifa, Israel. Blaustein L L Byard R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8511299 IM Animals Culex Cyprinodontiformes Larva Pest Control, Biological Population Dynamics Predatory Behavior 8257820 1994 01 19 1994 01 19 2003 11 14

0007-4861 51 6 1993 Dec Predictive ability of the Daphnia magna IQ Toxicity Test for ten diverse water treatment additives. 909-13 Aqua Survey Inc., Flemington, New Jersey 08822. Hayes K R KR Douglas W S WS Terrell Y Y Fischer J J Lyons L A LA Briggs L J LJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Predictive Value of Tests Time Factors Toxicology methods Water Supply analysis 7916723 1994 01 25 1994 01 25 2003 11 14

0378-1119 134 2 1993 Dec 8 Sequence of the intergenic spacer between the 28S and 18S rRNA-encoding genes of the crustacean, Daphnia pulex. 245-9 The intergenic spacer (IGS) of the ribosomal DNA of the crustacean, Daphnia pulex, is 4819 bp in length, and contains two non-repetitive regions separated by two repetitive regions. The larger repetitive region contains three complete and one truncated copy of a 330-bp sub-repeat. Each sub-repeat contains the sequence, 5'-TATATAGGGAAG, which is very similar to the promoter sequences found in repeated elements in the IGS of other organisms. The 3' non-repetitive region, which separates the repeat elements containing the putative transcription promoter sites from the 18S coding region, is large (2689 bp) compared to those described for other arthropods. A putative transcription start point (tsp) has been identified 1280 bp upstream from the 18S coding region, suggesting that the external transcribed spacer is also large compared to that in other arthropods. The 3' non-repetitive region contains two poly(GT) tracts of 18 and 20 bp. Such sequences, which are capable of forming Z-DNA in vitro, have been found upstream from the transcription units of rRNA and protein-coding genes in human, mouse and rat, and are thought to have a functional role in gene expression. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ont., Canada. Crease T J TJ eng GENBANK L07948 L24529 X70030 Z14103 Z14104 Z14105 Z14106 Z14107 Z15047 Z15048 Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Gene 7706761 0 DNA, Ribosomal 0 RNA, Ribosomal, 18S 0 RNA, Ribosomal, 28S 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Base Sequence DNA DNA, Ribosomal Daphnia genetics Introns Molecular Sequence Data RNA, Ribosomal, 18S genetics RNA, Ribosomal, 28S genetics Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid Restriction Mapping Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8277855 1994 02 04 1994 02 04 2003 11 14

0737-4038 10 6 1993 Nov Interspecific hybridization in Daphnia: distinction and origin of hybrid matrilines. 1289-302 Three coexisting Daphnia species belonging to the D. longispina group (D. galeata, D. hyalina, and D. cucullata) form species-hybrid complexes by producing interspecific hybrids in several lakes in Germany and The Netherlands. To evaluate the genetic consequences of interspecific hybridization, I studied the patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation. The directionality of interspecific hybridization and divergence of hybrids from parental species was tested, using the DNA sequences of a segment of mtDNA. Via the polymerase chain reaction, it was possible to investigate single animals and even single resting eggs. A species-specific marker was established, using restriction patterns of amplified cytochrome b segments. mtDNA genotypes of hybrids revealed unidirectional mitochondrial gene flow for two hybrids, which were investigated by using multiple clones. No evidence for introgression of mtDNA was found. On the basis of a phylogenetic analysis, the species exhibit considerable distinctness, whereas differences between clones within species and between hybrids and maternal species tend to be very low. These results indicate a recent origin of hybrids and suggest that the radiation of the D. longispina group occurred > 5 Mya. Zoologisches Institut, J. W. Goethe-Universität. Schwenk K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Mol Biol Evol 8501455 0 Cytochrome b Group 0 DNA Primers 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Base Sequence Comparative Study Conserved Sequence Cytochrome b Group genetics DNA Primers DNA, Mitochondrial analysis chemistry genetics Daphnia genetics Evolution Human Hybridization, Genetic Isoenzymes analysis genetics Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 1342642 1994 02 16 1994 02 16 2003 11 14

0253-2662 25 4 1992 Nov [Evaluation of biological toxicity of livestock fecal deordoring microbial agents] 252-63 Eight commercial livestock microbial agents were selected for the evaluation of biological toxicity. The general physical, chemical and microbial analyses of these microbial agents were performed and the acute toxicity of mice, aquatic living organisms and the germinated inhibition of vegetable seeds by these microbial agents were also estimated for the evaluation of biological toxicity. The results have shown that all livestock microbial agents have no pathogenic Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus been detected. However, the acute biological toxicity test of water extractant of these microbial agents indicated that microbial agent A, B, C, D and M appeared various toxicity to the mice. The dosage of LC50 (48 hr) to the mice was 3 mg/ml for microbial agent A (150 mg/kg mouse, high toxicity), 90 mg/ml for microbial agent B (4.5 g/kg mouse, low-medium toxicity), 92 mg/ml for microbial agent C (4.6 g/kg mouse, low-medium toxicity), 118 mg/ml for microbial agent D (5.9 g/kg mouse, low toxicity) and nontoxicity for microbial agent M, respectively. In addition, the dosage of LC50 to aquatic organisms Daphina similis and Lemna minor, was < 0.01 mg/ml and 0.13 mg/ml for microbial agent A, 1.73 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml for microbial B, 3 mg/ml and > 20 mg/ml for microbial C, 0.56 mg/ml and 14 mg/ml for microbial agent D, respectively. All microbial agents also show various inhibitory effects to the seed germination and root extension of vegetable crops. The study has demonstrated that the biological toxicity of livestock microbial agents was following such order: microbial A > B, C > D > M. The animal has shown more sensitive than plant to the microbial agents. Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C. Kao M M MM Cheng L H LH chi Journal Article

TAIWAN Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 8008067 IM Animals Animals, Domestic Bacteria pathogenicity Daphnia English Abstract Feces microbiology Medical Waste Disposal Mice Odors prevention & control Seeds physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vegetables growth & development Yeasts pathogenicity 7507817 1994 03 07 1994 03 07 2003 11 14

0147-6513 26 3 1993 Dec Monitoring the response of microcontaminants by dynamic Daphnia magna and Leuciscus idus assays in the Rhine Delta: biological early warning as a useful supplement. 265-79 Following some severe upstream calamities in the eighties, biological early warning systems with fish and waterfleas were installed at monitoring stations in the Rhine and the Meuse. Laboratory tests suggest that these whole-organism monitors are likely to respond at concentrations close to lethal levels. Current average and peak concentrations of compounds that can be identified and of which information on toxicity is available are often below these levels. Nevertheless, several alerts were registered in recent years. This may be attributed to the combined effect of known and unknown compounds under prevailing field conditions. Results are compared to experiences at other locations and some prospects on development in the future are given. Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Hendriks A J AJ Stouten M D MD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Fresh Water chemistry Lethal Dose 50 Netherlands Sensitivity and Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8301409 1994 03 08 1994 03 08 2003 11 14

1011-1344 21 2-3 1993 Dec DNA cleavage, antiviral and cytotoxic reactions photosensitized by simple enediyne compounds. 135-42 Very potent antibiotic antitumor natural products contain a enediyne moiety which, upon thermal activation, is capable of abstracting hydrogens from DNA. 1,6-Diphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne was selected as a candidate for inducing DNA strand breaks photochemically. Easily interconverted with light, both geometric isomers 1 and 2 were expected to be phototoxic. As anticipated, they photosensitized the production of strand breaks in double-stranded supercoiled pBR322, and in single-stranded M13 DNA. The DNA cleavage reactions were favored by the presence of oxygen and were inhibited by ethanol. Preliminary experiments with the (Z)-isomer indicated moderate light-dependent antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Sindbis virus, and mouse cytomegalovirus. The enediynes were cytotoxic to Escherichia coli, a gram-negative organism, to Streptococcus faecalis, a gram-positive organism, to Daphnia magna and to fish (Pimephales promelas), but only in the presence of light. The production of o-terphenyl, the expected product of Bergman cyclization of 1, could not be confirmed. However, both 1 and 2 photosensitized the formation of singlet oxygen and of superoxide anion radical, and photodynamic reactions could have been responsible for some of the phototoxic reactions observed. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607-7061. Kagan J J Wang X X Chen X X Lau K Y KY Batac I V IV Tuveson R W RW Hudson J B JB eng Journal Article

SWITZERLAND J Photochem Photobiol B 8804966 0 Alkynes 0 DNA, Viral 0 Photosensitizing Agents 0 Plasmids 11062-77-4 Superoxides 17778-80-2 Singlet Oxygen 27370-85-0 1,6-diphenyl-3-hexene-1,5,-diyne 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM X 3T3 Cells Alkynes chemistry toxicity Animals Bacteriophage M13 DNA Damage DNA, Viral drug effects Daphnia drug effects Enterococcus faecalis drug effects Escherichia coli drug effects Fishes Isomerism Mice Oxygen analysis Photochemistry Photosensitizing Agents toxicity Plasmids drug effects Singlet Oxygen Spectrophotometry Superoxides analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 7510153 1994 04 12 1994 04 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 52 2 1994 Feb Lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of lindane to Pimephales promelas and Ceriodaphnia dubia. 298-304 Environmental Protection, Environment Canada, Edmonton, Alberta. Constable M M Orr P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 58-89-9 Lindane IM Animals Arthropods drug effects Comparative Study Cyprinidae physiology Daphnia physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Lethal Dose 50 Lindane toxicity Male Reproduction drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 8132177 1994 04 19 1994 04 19 2003 11 14

0278-6915 32 2 1994 Feb Human acute toxicity prediction of the first 50 MEIC chemicals by a battery of ecotoxicological tests and physicochemical properties. 173-87 Five acute bioassays consisting of three cyst-based tests (with Artemia salina, Streptocephalus proboscideus and Brachionus calyciflorus), the Daphnia magna test and the bacterial luminescence inhibition test (Photobacterium phosphoreum) are used to determine the acute toxicity of the 50 priority chemicals of the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity (MEIC) programme. These tests and five physiocochemical properties (n-octanol-water partition coefficient, molecular weight, melting point, boiling point and density) are evaluated either singly or in combination to predict human acute toxicity. Acute toxicity in human is expressed both as oral lethal doses (HLD) and as lethal concentrations (HLC) derived from clinical cases. A comparison has also been made between the individual tests and the conventional rodent tests, as well as between rodent tests and the batteries resulting from partial least squares (PLS), with regard to their predictive power for acute toxicity in humans. Results from univariate regression show that the predictive potential of bioassays (both ecotoxicological and rodent tests) is generally superior to that of individual physicochemical properties for HLD. For HLC prediction, however, no consistent trend could be discerned that indicated whether bioassays are better estimators than physicochemical parameters. Generally, the batteries resulting from PLS regression seem to be more predictive than rodent tests or any of the individual tests. Prediction of HLD appears to be dependent on the phylogeny of the test species: cructaceans, for example, appear to be more important components in the test battery than rotifers and bacteria. For HLC prediction, one anostracan and one cladoceran crustacean are considered to be important. When considering both ecotoxicological tests and physicochemical properties, the battery based on the molecular weight and the cladoceran crustacean predicts HLC substantially better than any other combination. Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution, University of Ghent, Belgium. Calleja M C MC Persoone G G Geladi P P eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Food Chem Toxicol 8207483 0 Pharmaceutical Preparations IM Animal Testing Alternatives Animals Biological Assay Comparative Study Drug Toxicity Human Invertebrates Least-Squares Analysis Lethal Dose 50 Mice Models, Biological Molecular Weight Pharmaceutical Preparations chemistry Photobacterium drug effects Predictive Value of Tests Rats Regression Analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicology methods 8158101 1994 05 13 1994 05 13 2003 11 14

0022-104X 268 5 1994 Apr 1 Patterns of DNA synthesis and mitotic activity during the intermoult of Daphnia. 400-9 Among insects, the epidermal cell cycle pattern is related to the type of ontogenetic development. In taxa undergoing complete metamorphosis, cells are commonly maintained in the G2 stage of interphase between bouts of cell division. In crustaceans, as in insects exhibiting incomplete metamorphosis, it is believed that cells ordinarily remain in G1 for much of the intermoult, with DNA replication occurring late in the moult cycle followed closely by cell division. The present study reveals a differing pattern of epidermal cell division in two distantly related members of the cladoceran crustacean genus Daphnia. Cell cycle kinetics were examined in the last juvenile instar of each species using DNA content determinations and estimates of mitotic frequency. These analyses confirm that each epidermal cell possessed the diploid DNA amount, completed a single cell cycle, and remained in G1 for the majority of the instar. However, DNA replication occurred shortly after moulting and was followed by intense mitotic activity so that cell proliferation was restricted to a short period soon after ecdysis. Cell densities during the instar increased by approximately 60 and 100% for D. pulex and D. magna, respectively. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Beaton M J MJ Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Exp Zool 0375365 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Cell Division DNA biosynthesis Daphnia genetics growth & development Epidermis cytology Larva Metamorphosis, Biological genetics Mitosis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8167457 1994 06 01 1994 06 01 2003 11 14

0007-4861 52 4 1994 Apr Toxicity to aquatic organisms of pond water contaminated by fenitrothion during forest spraying. 612-8 Environmental Protection, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Ernst W W Wade S S Hennigar P P Julien G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 122-14-5 Fenitrothion IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Fenitrothion analysis toxicity Fresh Water analysis Insecticides Lethal Dose 50 Oncorhynchus mykiss Trees Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8178506 1994 06 08 1994 06 08 2003 11 14

0026-9050 1 1994 Jan [The information value of biotesting and chemiluminescence methods in evaluating drinking water quality] 52-4, 80 The article studies the informative value of test objects for the evaluation of potable water which contains toxic substances. A number of test objects is proposed by the authors to estimate the chemical harmlessness of water: tetrachimens, Daphnia and peroxide ferment system. The data obtained with the help of test-objects possess a sufficient selective sensibility as far as maximum allowable concentration of various toxic substances is concerned. The authors stress that these methods of biological testing may complement or precede the traditional methods of water evaluation. Kutsenko S A SA Terent'ev L P LP Tkachuk S M SM rus Journal Article Informativnost' metodik biotestirovaniia i khemiliuminestsentsii v otsenke kachestva pit'evoĭ vody.

RUSSIA Voen Med Zh 2984871R IM Algae, Green Animals Biological Assay methods Chemiluminescence Daphnia English Abstract Military Hygiene methods Paramecium Russia Tetrahymena pyriformis Water Pollution, Chemical analysis Water Supply analysis standards 7516286 1994 07 21 1994 07 21 2003 11 14

0147-6513 27 2 1994 Mar Toxicity of metals on Daphnia magna and Tubifex tubifex. 210-3 The toxicity of Hg2+ [HgCl2], Cr6+(1) [(NH4)2CrO4], Cr6+(2) [CrO3], Cd2+ [CdCl2.2,5H2O], Pb2+ [Pb(CH3COO)2.3H2O], and As5+ [Na2HAsO4.7H2O] on the sensitivity and survival of Daphnia magna and Tubifex tubifex has been studied. All test metals were dissolved and determined under standardized conditions (dilution water, Bringmann and Kühn, 1982) and 96 hr LC50 for T. tubifex and 48 hr LC50 for D. magna were compared in rank orders toxicity. For D. magna rank order toxicity was Hg2+ > Cr6+(2) > Cd2+ = Cr6+(1) > Pb2+ > As5+ and for T. tubifex it was Hg2+ > Cd2+ > Cr6+(2) > Cr6(1) > Pb2+ > As5+. D. magna was a more sensitive organism than T. tubifex and its LC50 values for all metals were several times lower than LC50 values for T. tubifex. Correlation between toxicity of various metals and biological subjects may be useful in predicting toxicity to various biologically important organisms connected with food chains. Slovak Technical University, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. Fargasová A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Oligochaeta drug effects growth & development Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7912261 1994 07 28 1994 07 28 2003 11 14

8756-971X 10 1 1994 Mar Efficacy of Clostridium bifermentans serovar Malaysia on target and nontarget organisms. 51-5 Clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia (C.b.m.) is highly toxic to mosquito larvae. In this study, the following aquatic nontarget invertebrates were treated with high C.b.m. concentrations (up to 1,600-fold the toxic concentration for Anopheles stephensi) to study their susceptibility towards the bacterial toxin: Planorbis planorbis (Pulmonata); Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda); Daphnia pulex (Cladocera); Cloeon dipterum (Ephemeroptera); Plea leachi (Heteroptera); and Eristalis sp., Chaoborus crystallinus, Chironomus thummi, and Psychoda alternata (Diptera). In addition, bioassays were performed with mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex pipiens). Psychoda alternata larvae were very susceptible, with LC50/LC90 values comparable to those of mosquito larvae (about 10(3)-10(5) spores/ml). The tests with Chaoborus crystallinus larvae showed significant mortality rates at high concentrations, but generally not before 4 or 5 days after treatment. The remaining nontarget organisms did not show any susceptibility. The investigation confirms the specificity of C.b.m. to nematocerous Diptera. German Mosquito Control Association, Waldsee. Yiallouros M M Storch V V Thiery I I Becker N N eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8511299 IM Aedes parasitology Animals Anopheles parasitology Arthropods parasitology Clostridium physiology Culex parasitology Culicidae parasitology Ecology Host-Parasite Relations Larva Pest Control, Biological methods Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8024319 1994 08 04 1994 08 04 2003 11 14

0090-4341 27 1 1994 Jul Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity. 25-8 A rapid, quantitative microbial assay, which is specific for heavy metal toxicity, has been developed. The assay (MetPLATE) is in a 96-well microtitration plate format and is suitable for determining toxicity characteristics such as median inhibitory concentrations. The sensitivity of MetPLATE to heavy metals [Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr(III)] was generally higher than Microtox and was of the same order as or better than Daphnia and fish bioassay. MetPLATE was insensitive to organic compounds at concentrations higher than those found in the environment. Six out of 10 industrial wastewaters or process waters surveyed were toxic. Heavy metal analysis of these waters confirmed the presence of heavy metals in the toxic samples. MetPLATE can be run concurrently with other assays for general toxicity to help determine the nature of chemicals causing toxicity. Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611. Bitton G G Jung K K Koopman B B eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Metals IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Escherichia coli drug effects Metals toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Toxicology methods Trout 8044634 1994 09 01 1994 09 01 2003 11 14

0045-6535 29 1 1994 Jul Toxicity identification evaluations for the investigation of fish kills: a case study. 55-61 A large fish-kill was observed in the river Tajo during the Spring-Summer of 1991. The mortality was first detected between Aranjuez and Toledo, affecting several fish species. Then it was slowly going downstream, affecting only carp (Cyprinus carpio), reaching the Spanish-Portuguese border several months later. Short-term toxicity tests on Daphnia magna and in vitro cytotoxicity tests on RTG-2 cells were used as toxicity monitoring systems in water samples and different water fractions. The fish kill was associated to the outbreak of infectious diseases, spring viremia of carp and saprolegniosis, related to an increase in the fish's susceptibility due to the presence of a toxic chemical. Bioassay-directed sample fractionations allowed to detect a toxic chemical. HPLC-MS identified the compound as dehydroabietic acid, a resin acid previously described immunotoxic. Division of Environmental Toxicology, Madrid, Spain. Muñoz M J MJ Castaño A A Blazquez T T Vega M M Carbonell G G Ortiz J A JA Carballo M M Tarazona J V JV eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Diterpenes 0 Diterpenes, Abietane 0 Water Pollutants 1740-19-8 dehydroabietic acid IM Animals Carps Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Communicable Diseases immunology mortality veterinary Daphnia drug effects Disease Susceptibility Diterpenes analysis toxicity Diterpenes, Abietane Fish Diseases chemically induced immunology mortality Mycoses immunology mortality veterinary Oomycetes Spain Viremia immunology mortality veterinary Water Pollutants analysis toxicity 8069081 1994 09 26 1994 09 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 53 1 1994 Jul Toxicity identification evaluation using a short-term chronic test with Ceriodaphnia dubia. 91-7 Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, Massachusetts 02571. Jop K M KM Askew A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Electrolytes 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia Electrolytes analysis toxicity Female Metals analysis toxicity Reproduction drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8082168 1994 10 11 1994 10 11 2003 11 14

0172-8083 25 1 1994 Jan Partial mitochondrial DNA sequence of the crustacean Daphnia pulex. 66-72 A 3667-base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean Daphnia pulex has been sequenced and found to contain the complete genes for the small subunit ribosomal RNA, ND2, seven tRNAs and the control region. This organization is identical to that found in Drosophila yakuba mtDNA yet D. pulex mtDNA exhibits several unique features when compared to other mitochondrial sequences. The sequenced fragment is only 62.6% A + T which is much lower than that of any other arthropod mtDNA sequenced to date. D. pulex mtDNA also exhibits length conservation having shorter coding and non-coding regions. The putative control region is 689 bp in length and includes a sequence that has the potential to fold into a hairpin structure with a perfect 20-bp pair stem and a 22-base loop. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Van Raay T J TJ Crease T J TJ eng GENBANK Z15015 Journal Article

UNITED STATES Curr Genet 8004904 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 9014-25-9 RNA, Transfer IM ND2 Amino Acid Sequence Animals Base Sequence Comparative Study DNA, Mitochondrial chemistry genetics Daphnia genetics Human Molecular Sequence Data Nucleic Acid Conformation RNA, Transfer genetics Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8086718 1994 10 20 1994 10 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 53 2 1994 Aug Comparative toxicity of five metals on various biological subjects. 317-24 Slovak Technical University, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bratislava. Fargasová A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals IM Algae, Green Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Mustard Plant Oligochaeta Plants, Medicinal Seeds drug effects Species Specificity 8090989 1994 10 19 1994 10 19 2003 11 14

0923-2508 145 1 1994 Jan The use of biosensors for environmental monitoring. 67-74 Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO, Mol, Belgium. van der Lelie D D Corbisier P P Baeyens W W Wuertz S S Diels L L Mergeay M M eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

FRANCE Res Microbiol 8907468 0 Metals 0 Xenobiotics IM Animals Bacteria genetics metabolism Biosensing Techniques Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Fishes In Vitro Metals isolation & purification Mussels Mutagenicity Tests Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Xenobiotics isolation & purification 61 7922149 1994 11 18 1994 11 18 2003 11 14

0045-6535 29 2 1994 Jul Ecotox-evaluation strategy for soil bioremediation exemplified for a PAH-contaminated site. 371-90 During a bioremediation of a PAH-contaminated site chemical and biological analyses were carried out. The biological investigations included ecotoxicological analyses in the aqueous extract, (Pseudomonas putida, Photobacterium phosphoreum, daphnids, algae, fish) and analyses in the soil with introduced organisms (plants, earthworms) and natural soil organisms (nematodes, microorganisms). In all test systems a correspondence between decreasing toxicity and degradation of the easily biodegradable PAHs was found. From investigations with aqueous extracts therefore not only conclusions on potential risks for groundwater can be drawn, but these tests also seem to allow risk assessments for soil inhabitants. Furthermore with these tests comprising dilution series the extent of toxicity for soil organisms can be quantified more precisely than with terrestrial investigations. Of all aquatic test systems a constant remaining toxicity was found only in the Microtox text. The test with Daphnia magna indicated the intermediate formation of organism specific toxic metabolites. Therefore useful information may be obtained with biological analyses which complement chemical analyses. For an extensive assessment of a contaminated site a test battery is advisable. Fraunhofer-Institut für Umweltchemie und Okotoxikologie, Schmallenberg. Hund K K Traunspurger W W eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 0 Soil Pollutants IM Animals Comparative Study Oligochaeta Plants Polycyclic Hydrocarbons analysis toxicity Soil Microbiology Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 7523069 1994 11 10 1994 11 10 2003 11 14

0147-6513 28 1 1994 Jun Fate of a volatile chlorinated solvent in indoor aquatic microcosms: sublethal and static exposure to [14C]dichloromethane. Groupe pour l'Etude du Devenir de Xénobiotiques dans l'Environnement (GEDEXE). 71-81 The goal of this work was to study the fate of dichloromethane in indoor aquatic microcosms after a sublethal and static exposure to simulate the accidental contamination of a lenitic ecosystem such as littoral lake zone or a pond. This kind of ecosystem is characterized by high productive capacity and rich biocoenose, and are usually first affected by acute or chronic pollution. Microcosms containing immersed bryophytes (Fontinalis antipyretica), macrophytes (Lemna minor, Groenlendia densa, Elodea canadensis), molluscs (Physa fontinalis), crustaceans (Daphnia magna), and unicellular green algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus) were contaminated with sublethal concentrations of dichloromethane or [14C]dichloromethane. The initial mean concentration was 9.9 +/- 3.7 microM. The mean concentration exposure for organisms was 4.5 +/- 1.5 microM. The fate of 14C radioactivity was monitored by measuring the radioactivity of the sediment, water, macro- and microorganism, and atmospheric compartments. Radioactivity in the water disappeared quickly from the microcosms, most likely as [14C]dichloromethane (t1/2 = 5.31 +/- 0.41 days). At the end of the experiments, radioactivity was mainly located in the atmosphere, with traces remaining in the biomass. Under static conditions, the bioaccumulation of 14C radioactivity from the radiolabeled dichloromethane was negligible. Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Université J. Fourier, La Tronche. Thiébaud H H Merlin G G Capovilla M P MP Blake G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 75-09-2 Methylene Chloride IM Algae metabolism Animals Bacteria metabolism Crustacea metabolism Ecosystem Fresh Water Methylene Chloride pharmacokinetics Models, Biological Mollusca metabolism Plants metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics 7952330 1994 12 22 1994 12 22 2003 11 14

0962-1083 3 5 1994 Oct Molecular biogeography of clonal lineages in a high-arctic apomictic Daphnia complex. 497-506 An electrophoretic survey of 81 populations of arctic Daphnia pulex from around the Svalbard archipelago revealed the presence of 49 unique allozyme clones (N = 3357). Two closely related clones accounted for 66% of the total sample, and were widespread across the archipelago. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of a 2.1-kb fragment of mtDNA (NADH-4 and NADH-5 subunits), amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), revealed the presence of eight mtDNA haplotypes. One haplotype was particularly widespread, and the two most abundant allozyme clones shared this haplotype. Nonrandom distribution patterns of clones were observed, and are most likely the result of historical events (i.e. founder effects) related to the past glacial history of the archipelago. The data are discussed with reference to past glaciation events, and attempts are made to discern the colonization history of this apomictic complex. Abteilung Okophysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie, Plön, Germany. Weider L J LJ Hobaek A A eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes IM Animals Arctic Regions Base Sequence DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia classification genetics Evolution Founder Effect Genotype Geography Haplotypes Isoenzymes genetics Molecular Sequence Data Parthenogenesis Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Svalbard Variation (Genetics) genetics 7525201 1994 11 28 1994 11 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 27 1 1994 Feb Phototoxicology. 1. Light-enhanced toxicity of TNT and some related compounds to Daphnia magna and Lytechinus variagatus embryos. 14-22 Many environmental pollutants interact with solar near-ultraviolet (nuv) light in a manner which greatly increases their toxic effects. The phenomenon of light-mediated toxicity (phototoxicity) is only now becoming generally recognized to any significant degree. Manufacture of, and loading munitions with, the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in past decades caused contamination of soils and sediments at levels exceeding 1000 ppm and of waters at levels near saturation (100 ppm). Manufacture of TNT produces numerous nitrated by-products, and most of these compounds, including TNT, can be metabolized by many species, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and mammals. This study investigated the phototoxicity of TNT, and 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,6-, and 3,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and -diaminotoluene (DAT), and the major metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4A), to Daphnia magna (acute toxicity) and Lytechinus variagatus (sea urchin) embryos (subacute, developmental toxicity). Most of the compounds were weakly toxic or nontoxic in the dark. All were phototoxic to sea urchins. In D. magna, 2,3- and 3,4-DNT/DAT and 4A were not toxic but were phototoxic, and 2A was toxic and phototoxic; the other isomers were not toxic or phototoxic to this species. School of Life Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801. Davenport R R Johnson L R LR Schaeffer D J DJ Balbach H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 118-96-7 Trinitrotoluene IM Animals Daphnia physiology Embryo, Nonmammalian Light Risk Assessment Sea Urchins physiology Trinitrotoluene analogs & derivatives toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7525203 1994 11 28 1994 11 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 27 1 1994 Feb Phototoxicology. 3. Comparative toxicity of trinitrotoluene and aminodinitrotoluenes to Daphnia magna, Dugesia dorotocephala, and sheep erythrocytes. 34-49 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and compounds associated with its production are toxic and phototoxic to a wide range of biota. The planarian Dugesia dorotocephala, but not Daphnia magna, metabolized TNT (1 mg/liter) to 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4A; 0.4 mg/liter) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A; 0.2 mg/liter). Coexposure to near-ultraviolet (nuv) light enhanced the toxicity of 2A more than that of TNT and 4A. The toxicities of TNT, 4A, and 2A to Du. dorotocephala were all decreased by glutathione (GSH) conjugation. This suggests that all had mechanisms of toxic action involving formation of quinone-GSH conjugates. Dark and light mechanisms for TNT and 2A depended on GSH conjugation, but the specific mechanisms may be different for each compound. The dark and light mechanisms of toxic action for 4A appeared to be fundamentally different in that the dark toxic mechanism of action was less dependent on GSH conjugation. Hemolysis studies using sheep erythrocytes showed that the light-enhanced toxic mechanism of action for TNT, 2A, and/or 4A did not involve cellular membrane damage in response to nuv-induced anions. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801. Johnson L R LR Davenport R R Balbach H H Schaeffer D J DJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Carcinogens 0 Teratogens 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 118-96-7 Trinitrotoluene 19406-51-0 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene 35572-78-2 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene IM Abnormalities, Drug-Induced pathology Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Carcinogens toxicity Cell Membrane chemistry drug effects radiation effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects radiation effects Erythrocytes drug effects radiation effects Lethal Dose 50 Light Planarians drug effects growth & development radiation effects Sheep Teratogens toxicity Trinitrotoluene chemistry metabolism toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis metabolism toxicity 7525207 1994 11 28 1994 11 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 27 1 1994 Feb Effect of sublethal concentrations of pesticides on the feeding behavior of Daphnia magna. 82-9 Daphnia magna was exposed to sublethal levels (1/4, 1/2, and 2/3 LC50 and LC50) of endosulfan and diazinon to determine the effect of these pesticides on filtration and ingestion rates. The experiments were performed with the unicellular algae Nannochloris oculata in a density of 5 x 10(5) cells/ml. Prior to these experiments, the acute toxicity of both pesticides was evaluated to calculate the LC50s. The 24-hr LC50 values were 0.62 mg/liter and 0.9 microgram/liter for endosulfan and diazinon, respectively. Rates of filtration and ingestion declined with increasing toxicant concentrations after a short exposure of 5 hr. The effective concentration at which feeding rates were reduced to 50% of those in controls (EC50) was calculated for both pesticides. These values were 0.44 and 0.61 mg/liter for filtration and ingestion rates, respectively, in the case of endosulfan and 0.47 and 0.60 microgram/liter, respectively, in the case of diazinon. Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain. Fernández-Casalderrey A A Ferrando M D MD Andreu-Moliner E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Pesticides 115-29-7 Endosulfan 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Algae Animals Daphnia drug effects Diazinon toxicity Endosulfan toxicity Feeding Behavior drug effects Filtration Lethal Dose 50 Pesticides toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 7525226 1994 12 29 1994 12 29 2003 11 14

0147-6513 28 3 1994 Aug The environmental risks of industrial waste disposal: an experimental approach including acute and chronic toxicity studies. 317-28 The toxicity of 15 leachates of various solid industrial wastes accepted in an engineered landfill has been studied. A cost-effective battery of tests allowing evaluation of acute and chronic toxicity, as well as genotoxicity, and investigations on different trophic levels in the aquatic environment has been used. Acute toxicity was tested on bacteria (Microtox assay with Photobacterium phosphoreum) and microcrustaceans (Daphnia magna immobilization assay). A growth inhibition test of microalgae was carried out on Raphidocelis subcapitata. A 28-day chronic test with Daphnia magna was used to detect effects on reproduction. Genotoxicity was evaluated by means of the Ames test conducted on the crude aqueous phase and also on the concentrated fractions of water-extractable micropollutants (liquid-liquid and freeze-dried extracts). Chemical analyses of leachates were carried out simultaneously. The toxicity varied greatly between the different wastes. Toxic effects were observed in the short and/or in the long term. Four samples were potentially genotoxic. In most cases, toxicity registered could not be correlated with results of the chemical analyses. This study demonstrates the usefulness of associating a toxicological monitoring with chemical analyses in waste management. Centre des Sciences de l'Environnement, Metz, France. Lambolez L L Vasseur P P Ferard J F JF Gisbert T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Industrial Waste IM Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Metallurgy Mutagenicity Tests Paint Risk Assessment Toxicity Tests Waste Management 7994121 1995 01 17 1995 01 17 2003 11 14

69 1994 The evolutionary ecology of Daphnia. 495-508 In order to generate genetic markers from both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, we used three PCR-based techniques (RAPD, mtDNA-RFLPs, and sequencing of an amplified mtDNA fragment) to illuminate various aspects of the population genetics of large-lake Daphnia species. Estimations of genetic diversity at different taxonomic levels integrated with ecological data revealed insights into the genetic components of the evolutionary process of interspecific hybridization in these Daphnia species, which had previously been documented with allozyme markers. Our new molecular data suggest the occurrence of recent hybridization and backcrossing events, and allow the identification of the maternal species of hybrid clones. Molecular Ecology Division, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Schierwater B B Ender A A Schwenk K K Spaak P P Streit B B eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

SWITZERLAND EXS 9204529 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Genetic Markers 0 Isoenzymes IM Animals DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Ecology Evolution Female Genetic Markers genetics Genotype Hybridization, Genetic genetics Isoenzymes genetics Male Polymerase Chain Reaction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 84 7806894 1995 01 30 1995 01 30 2003 11 14

0022-2011 64 3 1994 Nov Aquatic safety of Lagenidium giganteum: effects on freshwater fish and invertebrates. 228-33 Eleven freshwater species were exposed to a zoosporeproducing fungus, Lagenidium giganteum, with the goal of determining species sensitivity with standard and new test procedures. The tests included standard, 4-day acute exposures of cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and D. magna) and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Standard 7-day chronic exposures of C. dubia and a 7-day embryo-larval exposure of P. promelas were also conducted. New, 4-day acute, methods were developed for mosquitos (Aedes aegypti), chironomids (Chironomus sp.), oligochaetes (Lumbriculus sp.), cyclopoid copepods, snails (Physa sp.), hydrozoans (Hydra sp.), and ostracods. To assess L. giganteum zoospore (z) infectivity, each test included daily bioassays with the mosquito (A. aegypti), a target organism. Four-day A. aegypti LC50s ranged from 81 to 516 z/ml. Ceriodaphnia dubia acute test LC50s were as low as 6700 z/ml and the 96-hr LC50 from the chronic test was near 6250 z/ml with reproductive impairment at 12,500 z/ml. Daphnia sp. were also susceptible, with LC50s near 7700 z/ml for D. pulex and 9400 z/ml for D. magna. Chironomus tentans was infected at concentrations of > or = 5000 z/ml, but mortality was low and an LC50 could not be calculated even after exposures to 50,000 z/ml. The 7-day, early life stage test with P. promelas produced reduced larva growth in most treatments. Several species (Hydra sp., L. variegatus, ostracoda, copepoda, Physa sp., and P. promelas) were not affected in acute tests at exposures of 50,000 z/ml. The data show, contrary to many reports, that L. giganteum may affect some nontarget aquatic species. The key to successful laboratory tests is monitoring and maintaining the zoospores infection capacity. Lake Superior Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Superior 54880. Nestrud L B LB Anderson R L RL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Invertebr Pathol 0014067 IM Aedes microbiology Animals Fishes microbiology Fresh Water Invertebrates microbiology Oomycetes pathogenicity Pest Control, Biological methods Spores, Fungal pathogenicity 7810258 1995 02 01 1995 02 01 2003 11 14

0044-4529 30 3 1994 May-Jun [Gas-exchange intensity in Daphnia in water polluted by different copper salts] 332-7 Studies have been made on the survival rate and oxygen consumption in Daphnia kept in solutions of four copper salts. The significance of anionic groups in total toxicity of the salts was demonstrated. Mechanisms of their action are discussed. Kniazeva N I NI rus Journal Article Intensivnost' gazoobmena dafniĭ v vode, zagriaznennoĭ razlichnymi soliami medi.

RUSSIA Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 21820250R 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 124-38-9 Carbon Dioxide 7440-50-8 Copper 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Carbon Dioxide physiology Comparative Study Copper pharmacology Daphnia drug effects physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Oxygen physiology Oxygen Consumption drug effects Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacology 7813902 1995 02 09 1995 02 09 2003 11 14

0016-6723 64 2 1994 Oct Selection on reaction norms, genetic correlations and constraints. 115-25 Two approaches to the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in heterogeneous environments have recently been put forward. The first focuses on selection on the character expression within each environment; plasticity is seen as a by-product of local selection in various habitats. The second approach focuses on selection on the parameters of the response function of genotypes, and selection is thought to change the frequencies of 'plasticity' genes that affect the function. This paper discusses the relationship between the two approaches, with emphasis on applications. A method is described that allows switching from one approach to the other. It is argued that character state and reaction norm approaches, while to a large extent interchangeable, usually differ in the response function chosen. This choice, however, may strongly affect the biological interpretation. The methods outlined in this paper permit one to look at the data from different perspectives in order to avoid this danger. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, Heteren. Van Tienderen P H PH Koelewijn H P HP eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Genet Res 0370741 IM Animals Daphnia genetics Genotype Mathematics Models, Genetic Phenotype Selection (Genetics) 7817649 1995 02 08 1995 02 08 2003 11 14

0044-4529 30 1 1994 Jan-Feb [The characteristics of the action on hydrobionts of the insecticide Valexon] 72-7 The effect of organophosphorus insecticide, valexon, has been investigated on hydrobionts from different taxonomic groups. Survival, locomotor activity, oxygen consumption and free radical spectra were determined. High sensitivity to the effect of the insecticide was found in Daphnia, due to the specific action of it on locomotor and respiratory functions, which are closely related in crustaceans. Kniazeva N I NI rus Journal Article Osobennosti vozdeĭstviia na nekotorykh gidrobiontov insektitsida valekson.

RUSSIA Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 21820250R 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Organothiophosphorus Compounds 14816-18-3 phoxim IM Animals Chlorella drug effects Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy English Abstract Insecticides, Organothiophosphate pharmacology Locomotion drug effects Organothiophosphorus Compounds pharmacology Oxygen Consumption drug effects Plankton drug effects Poecilia 7833606 1995 02 28 1995 02 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 53 5 1994 Nov Observations on fungal infection of the ovary of laboratory-cultured Daphnia magna. 699-703 Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, National Health Institute, Rome, Italy. Stazi A V AV Mantovani A A Fuglieni F F Dojmi di Delupis G L GL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Culture Media Daphnia microbiology Female Oomycetes growth & development Ovary microbiology Water Pollutants toxicity 7866667 1995 03 30 1995 03 30 2003 11 14

1056-9014 2 5 1994 Studies on the detection of okadaic acid in mussels: preliminary comparison of bioassays. 312-7 Diarrheic toxins, especially okadaic acid, are detected nearly every year in mussels on French coasts. The monitoring network determines the toxicity of these shellfish by using a mouse test now considered unsatisfactory from an ethical point of view. Two alternative methods have been investigated: the daphnia test, for which there is a standardized method used routinely in ecotoxicology, and a cytotoxicity test on the KB cell line developed for this study. Using the same samples, the results of these two tests were compared with those obtained by chemical analysis (HPLC okadaic acid assay) or the mouse test. Linear regression studies showed that results for the two bioassays were well correlated with those for HPLC or the mouse test. URM 11, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer. Marcaillou-Le Baut C C Amzil Z Z Vernoux J P JP Pouchus Y F YF Bohec M M Simon J F JF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Nat Toxins 9212382 0 Anthracenes 0 Ethers, Cyclic 0 Fluorescent Dyes 10401-59-9 9-diazomethylanthracene 78111-17-8 Okadaic Acid IM Animals Anthracenes chemistry Biological Assay Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Cell Survival drug effects Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Comparative Study Daphnia Ethers, Cyclic analysis metabolism toxicity Fluorescent Dyes chemistry Food Poisoning France Human Linear Models Male Mice Mussels chemistry metabolism Okadaic Acid Reference Standards Tumor Cells, Cultured 7881210 1995 04 07 1995 04 07 2003 11 14

0007-4861 53 6 1994 Dec Impact of chemigation on selected non-target aquatic organisms in cranberry bogs of British Columbia. 828-35 Wan M T MT Watts R G RG Moul D J DJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 56-38-2 Parathion 86-50-0 Azinphosmethyl IM Animals Azinphosmethyl metabolism toxicity British Columbia Daphnia Fishes Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Insect Control methods Oncorhynchus mykiss Parathion metabolism toxicity Pesticide Residues analysis metabolism toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 7534692 1995 04 25 1995 04 25 2003 11 14

0147-6513 29 3 1994 Dec Comparative study of plant growth hormone (herbicide) toxicity in various biological subjects. 359-64 Due to their widespread distribution and toxic nature, herbicides may have a serious impact on the environment and exert adverse effects on associated organisms. The present study was conducted to determine the acute toxicological effects of some plant growth hormones used as herbicides on four biological subjects and compare the subjects' sensitivity to individual testing substances. The herbicides 4-(indol-3-yl)acetic acid C10H9O2N (IAA), N6-(beta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine (pi-indolylpropionic acid) C11H11O2N (IPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H6O3Cl2 (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid C9H9O3Cl (MCPA), and 1,napthylacetic acid C12H10O2 (NAA) were tested and the following biological subjects were used: Daphnia magna, Tubifex tubifex, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and seeds of Sinapis alba. For S. alba, the influence of herbicides on seed germination (G) and root growth inhibition (I) was observed. For T. tubifex, the tests lasted 96 hr, for D. magna 48 hr, for S. quadricauda 20 days, and for S. alba 72 hr. The rank order of toxicity of herbicides used for T. tubifex was NAA > IAA > IPA > 2,4-D > MCPA; for D. magna. NAA > IAA > IPA > MCPA > 2,4-D; for S. quadricauda, IAA > IPA > NAA > MCPA > 2,4-D; for S. alba seed germination, NAA > IPA > 2,4-D > MCPA > IAA; and for root growth inhibition. NAA > 2,4-D > MCPA > IAA > IPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Slovak Technical University, Radlinského. Fargasová A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Auxins 0 Herbicides 0 Indoleacetic Acids 0 Plant Growth Regulators 7724-76-7 Isopentenyladenosine IM S Algae, Green drug effects physiology Animals Auxins toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Germination drug effects Herbicides toxicity Indoleacetic Acids toxicity Isopentenyladenosine toxicity Mustard Plant physiology Oligochaeta physiology Plant Growth Regulators toxicity Plants, Medicinal Seeds drug effects physiology Time Factors 7713024 1995 05 17 1995 05 17 2003 11 14

0091-6765 102 Suppl 12 1994 Dec Genotypic toxicity: implications for individuals and populations. 101-4 The goals of genetic ecotoxicology are discussed and redefined. New directions in which genotoxicity "effect" studies might be pursued are outlined. Recognition of the genotoxic disease syndrome in lower animals suggests that more attention should be given to exploring the relationships between DNA damage (adduct formation, gene mutations, etc.) and its manifestation at the level of individuals. Within a given population, not all individuals are equally susceptible to pollutant toxicity (including genotoxicity). It is proposed therefore, that more attention be paid to identifying the factors underlying interindividual variability in susceptibility. Examples are provided of specific cases in which differences in susceptibility to pollutants have been directly related to genotypic predisposition. This approach is also advocated for investigating the individual and population level consequences of genotoxic damage. The possibility of using phenotypic traits to recognise subsets of individuals within populations possessing similar genotypes is discussed. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, England. Depledge M H MH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 DNA Adducts 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Mutagens IM Animals Brachyura DNA Adducts adverse effects DNA Damage drug effects Daphnia Drosophila Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Genetics, Population drug effects Genotype Mutagens adverse effects Phenotype 7721136 1995 05 22 1995 05 22 2003 11 14

0016-9900 9 1994 Nov-Dec [Hygienic express-diagnosis of the toxicity of drinking water disinfectants using biotests] 3-4 Toxicity of water treated by two disinfectants, AOKh-K and gaseous chlorine, was studied by biotesting on Daphnia magna, Tetrahymena pyriformis (TP) and renal epithelium of porcine embryo (REPE). The study showed that AOKh-K preparation is nontoxic and chlorine toxic for TP and REPE in concentrations 2 and 3 mg/l. Zakharchenko M P MP Tkachuk S M SM Iakovleva L E LE Gaĭdamaka V V VV Romanov P G PG Borodin V S VS rus Journal Article Gigienicheskaia ékspress-diagnostika toksichnosti dezinfektantov pit'evoĭ vody s pomoshch'iu biotestirovaniia.

RUSSIA Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Disinfectants 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Animals Chlorine toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia Disinfectants toxicity Embryo drug effects English Abstract Environmental Monitoring Epithelium drug effects Kidney drug effects Swine Tetrahymena pyriformis Water Supply 8529016 1996 02 01 1996 02 01 2003 11 14

1096-4940 109 3 1994 Nov The occurrence of artemocyanin in Branchiopoda (Crustacea). 773-9 Artemocyanin, the extracellular hemolymph biliprotein of Artemia, is demonstrated in the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus, the clam shrimp Leptestheria and the water flea Daphnia. Artemocyanins can be purified from hemolymph as intact polypeptides (Mr 170-190,000), but are degraded upon homogenization of the whole animal by partial proteolysis to polypeptides with Mr 102,000 and 85,000. The aminoterminal sequence of the intact artemocyanin polypeptide was determined, but no clear-cut relationships with arthropod biliproteins or other protein families could be demonstrated. Department of Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. Peeters K K Brendonck L L Moens L L eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 9516062 0 Glycoproteins 0 artemocyanin IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Body Fluids chemistry Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia metabolism Decapoda (Crustacea) metabolism Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Glycoproteins chemistry metabolism Hemolymph metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Molecular Weight Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9296700 1997 09 17 1997 09 17 2003 11 14

0365-9615 117 5 1994 May [Comparative pharmacological analysis of M-cholinoreceptors in Daphnia and rats] 497-9 Tonkopiĭ V D VD Kosmachev A B AB Zagrebin A O AO rus Journal Article Sravnitel'nyĭ farmakologicheskiĭ analiz M-kholinoretseptorov dafniĭ i krys.

RUSSIA Biull Eksp Biol Med 0370627 0 Cholinergic Agents 0 Muscarinic Antagonists 0 Receptors, Muscarinic IM Animals Cholinergic Agents toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Male Muscarinic Antagonists pharmacology Rats Receptors, Muscarinic drug effects 10541682 1999 12 02 1999 12 02 2003 11 14

0007-4861 63 5 1999 Nov Toxicity identification evaluation of wet and dry weather runoff from the Tijuana River. 625-32 Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Riveles K K Gersberg R M RM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals California Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects physiology Female Male No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Reproduction drug effects Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Survival Rate Toxicity Tests Water chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Weather 10576102 2000 01 27 2000 01 27 2003 11 14

0045-6535 39 13 1999 Dec Biodegradation in laboratory activated sludge plants and aquatic toxicity of herbicides. 2313-23 The biodegradation and the aquatic toxicity of four herbicides (isoproturon, terbuthylazine, mecoprop, metamitron) were investigated. Laboratory activated sludge plants were used for biodegradation experiments. The biodegradation of mecoprop reached nearly 100%, the other herbicides were not eliminated by biodegradation. The acute Daphnia magna 24-h assay, the algal 72-h inhibition test, and the recently developed lemna growth inhibition 7-d test were applied to evaluate the biological effects of herbicides as original substances. EC 50 and EC 10 values were determined. Algal and lemna test show that isoproturon and terbuthylazine are both much more toxic than mecoprop and metamitron. Daphnids are generally less sensitive against herbicides than plants. Biodegradation and toxicity test were coupled for mecoprop to assess biological long-term effects of possible biodegradation products of this herbicide. The effluents of the laboratory activated sludge units were used in toxicity tests (Daphnia magna 21-d reproduction test, lemna growth inhibition 7-d test). No inhibiting effect on the tested organisms was observed. Bavarian State Office for Water Resources, Institute for Water Research, Munich, Germany. Nitschke L L Wilk A A Schüssler W W Metzner G G Lind G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Herbicides 29757-24-2 nitroaniline 93-65-2 mecoprop 94-74-6 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM S 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid analogs & derivatives chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Aerobiosis Algae drug effects growth & development Angiosperms drug effects growth & development Aniline Compounds metabolism Animals Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Herbicides chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Sewage Toxicity Tests methods 10580499 1999 12 10 1999 12 10 2003 11 14

0028-0836 402 6759 1999 Nov 18 Use of behavioural stochastic resonance by paddle fish for feeding. 291-4 Stochastic resonance is the phenomenon whereby the addition of an optimal level of noise to a weak information-carrying input to certain nonlinear systems can enhance the information content at their outputs. Computer analysis of spike trains has been needed to reveal stochastic resonance in the responses of sensory receptors except for one study on human psychophysics. But is an animal aware of, and can it make use of, the enhanced sensory information from stochastic resonance? Here, we show that stochastic resonance enhances the normal feeding behaviour of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), which use passive electroreceptors to detect electrical signals from planktonic prey. We demonstrate significant broadening of the spatial range for the detection of plankton when a noisy electric field of optimal amplitude is applied in the water. We also show that swarms of Daphnia plankton are a natural source of electrical noise. Our demonstration of stochastic resonance at the level of a vital animal behaviour, feeding, which has probably evolved for functional success, provides evidence that stochastic resonance in sensory nervous systems is an evolutionary adaptation. Center for Neurodynamics, University of Missouri at St. Louis, 63121, USA. drussell@admiral.umsl.edu Russell D F DF Wilkens L A LA Moss F F eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Nature 0410462 IM Nature. 1999 Nov 18;402(6759):241-2 10580489 Animals Daphnia Electrophysiology Feeding Behavior physiology Fishes physiology Plankton Receptors, Sensory physiology Stochastic Processes Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Videotape Recording 10581121 2000 01 05 2000 01 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 44 3 1999 Nov UV-B-Induced acute toxicity of pyrene to the waterflea Daphnia magna in natural freshwaters. 271-9 The effects of various water characteristics in natural freshwaters on the acute toxicity of one polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), pyrene, to a pelagic invertebrate Daphnia magna was studied under ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation and in the dark. Pyrene was photoactivated and was more toxic to D. magna in the presence of UV-B radiation. Dissolved organic material (DOM), measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), significantly reduced the photoenhanced toxicity of pyrene. Under UV-B radiation the EC(50) values were lower and in relation to the amount of DOM, ranging from 3.0 to 30.0 microg/L pyrene, whereas in the dark they were between 29.2 and 54.8 microg/L and not related to the amount of DOM in the waters. Although the condition and mortality of the daphnids in the control groups were not affected by UV-B irradiation, the increased toxicity was considered to be either an additive or a synergistic effect of both the photomodified pyrene and the stressing light conditions of UV-B. The measured binding of pyrene to DOM was low, although it was related to the amount of DOC. Despite the relatively high intensity of UV-B used, humic substances in the waters remained undegraded. It was thus concluded that with their brownish-yellowish color, waters rich in humic substances decreased the photomodification of the freely dissolved parent compound simply by diminishing the light penetration in these waters and, by implication, contact with the intact compound. These results suggest that DOM in surface waters plays an important role in protecting against the photoinduced toxicity of PAHs. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FIN-40351, Finland. annikkil@cc.jyu.fi Nikkilä A A Penttinen S S Kukkonen J V JV eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Pyrenes IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fresh Water Organic Chemicals pharmacokinetics Pyrenes toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Ultraviolet Rays 10594150 2000 01 12 2000 01 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 63 6 1999 Dec Interactions between dibutyl phthalate and aquatic organisms. 759-65 College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. Huang G L GL Sun H W HW Song Z H ZH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 84-74-2 Dibutyl Phthalate IM Algae, Green growth & development metabolism physiology Algorithms Animals Biodegradation Daphnia metabolism physiology Dibutyl Phthalate metabolism toxicity Feeding Behavior drug effects Humic Acids pharmacology Larva drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Reproduction drug effects Temperature 10594178 2000 01 06 2000 01 06 2003 11 14

0022-2844 49 6 1999 Dec Gene conversion and evolution of daphniid hemoglobins (Crustacea, cladocera). 769-79 The extracellular hemoglobins of cladocerans derive from the aggregation of 12 two-domain globin subunits that are apparently encoded by four genes. This study establishes that at least some of these genes occur as a tandem array in both Daphnia magna and Daphnia exilis. The genes share a uniform structure; a bridge intron separates two globin domains which each include three exons and two introns. Introns are small, averaging just 77 bp, but a longer sequence (2.2-3.2 kb) separates adjacent globin genes. A survey of structural diversity in globin genes from other daphniids revealed three independent cases of intron loss, but exon lengths were identical, excepting a 3-bp insertion in exon 5 of Simocephalus. Heterogeneity in the extent of nucleotide divergence was marked among exons, largely as a result of the pronounced diversification of the terminal exon. This variation reflected, in part, varying exposure to concerted evolution. Conversion events were frequent in exons 1-4 but were absent from exons 5 and 6. Because of this difference, the results of phylogenetic analyses were strongly affected by the sequences employed in this construction. Phylogenies based on total nucleotide divergence in exons 1-4 revealed affinities among all genes isolated from a single species, reflecting the impact of gene conversion events. In contrast, phylogenies based on total nucleotide divergence in exons 5 and 6 revealed affinities among orthologous genes from different taxa. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. phebert@uoguelph.ca Hebert P D PD Um Y M YM Prokopowich C D CD Taylor D J DJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Mol Evol 0360051 0 Codon 0 Hemoglobins IM Amino Acid Substitution genetics Animals Base Sequence Codon genetics Daphnia classification genetics Evolution, Molecular Exons genetics Gene Conversion genetics Hemoglobins genetics Introns genetics Molecular Sequence Data Multigene Family genetics Phylogeny Sequence Alignment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) genetics 10603072 2000 01 24 2000 01 24 2003 11 14

0948-6143 112 5 1999 Nov Epipodite and fat cells as sites of hemoglobin synthesis in the branchiopod crustacean Daphnia magna. 335-9 In contrast to the malacostracan crustaceans that use hemocyanin as the oxygen carrier, a number of branchiopod crustaceans, such as the water flea Daphnia magna, utilize hemoglobin (Hb) as the respiratory protein. By means of in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques with subsequent signal amplification using catalyzed reporter deposition, sites of Hb synthesis were localized in Daphnia magna. Based on a previously reported Hb-cDNA sequence, a specific ISH probe was designed and hybridized with the Hb-mRNA in histological sections of adult D. magna. The detection of Hb-mRNA was tissue specific and revealed that Hb is synthesized in fat cells, which play a role in fat and glycogen metabolism, and in epithelial cells of the epipodites, which are involved in osmoregulation. Sites of Hb synthesis have been identified in several invertebrate phyla, including Annelida and Nematoda. However, this is the first example in the class Crustacea, and only the second in the phylum Arthropoda. Klinische und Experimentelle Pathologie, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany. Goldmann T T Becher B B Wiedorn K H KH Pirow R R Deutschbein M E ME Vollmer E E Paul R J RJ eng GENBANK AF255951 Journal Article

GERMANY Histochem Cell Biol 9506663 0 DNA Probes 0 Hemoglobins 0 RNA, Messenger IM Adipocytes metabolism Adipose Tissue metabolism Animals Base Sequence DNA Probes Daphnia metabolism Hemoglobins biosynthesis In Situ Hybridization Molecular Sequence Data RNA, Messenger biosynthesis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Transcription, Genetic Water-Electrolyte Balance 10606700 2000 02 17 2000 02 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 64 1 2000 Jan Toxicity testing of municipal solid waste leachates with CerioFAST. 100-6 Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Ward M M Bitton G G Townsend T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Soil Pollutants IM Animals Animals, Newborn Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects physiology Eating drug effects Environmental Monitoring Hazardous Waste Industrial Waste analysis Lethal Dose 50 Sensitivity and Specificity Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Survival Rate Toxicity Tests methods Urban Health Waste Disposal, Fluid 10606704 2000 02 17 2000 02 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 64 1 2000 Jan Survival time of Ceriodaphnia dubia in acid waters with metal contamination. 130-6 Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal. Ribeiro R R Lopes I I Pereira A M AM Gonçalves F F Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate IM Animals Copper Sulfate toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Models, Biological No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Rate Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10630704 2000 01 24 2000 01 24 2003 11 14

0378-4274 111 1-2 1999 Dec 20 Environmental risk assessment for the polycyclic musks, AHTN and HHCB. II. Effect assessment and risk characterisation. 81-94 Reports of the polycyclic musks AHTN and HHCB in surface water and fish, primarily in Europe, have prompted studies of their environmental effects. These effects then are used, along with the predicted environmental concentrations in a risk assessment according to the approach developed under European Union Regulation 793/93, in line with the Technical Guidance Document for risk assessment of new and existing chemicals. In 72-h studies with algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), NOECs were 0.374 mg/l (AHTN) and 0.201 mg/l (HHCB). In 21-day reproductive tests with daphnia (Daphnia magna) NOECs were 0.196 (AHTN) and 0.111 mg/l (HHCB). In 21-day growth tests with bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), NOECs were 0.067 (AHTN) and 0.068 mg/l (HHCB). And, finally 35-day early life stage tests with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) resulted in NOECs of 0.035 (AHTN) and 0.068 mg/l (HHCB). These results lead to Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC) of 3.5 microg/l (AHTN) and 6.8 microg/l (HHCB) for aquatic organisms. For the soil compartment, 8-week studies with earthworms (Eisenia fetida) resulted in NOECs of 105 (AHTN) and 45 mg/kg (HHCB) and 4-week studies with springtails (Folsomia candida) resulted in a NOECs of 45 mg/kg for both substances. These values lead to a PNEC of 0.32 mg/kg dw for both materials. Using mammalian studies, PNECs for fish or worm eating predators of 10 mg/kg fw (AHTN) and 100 mg/kg fw (HHCB) can be derived. For sediment dwelling organisms, PNECs were derived by equilibrium partitioning using the aquatic PNECs. Comparing PNECs with the measured or predicted environmental exposures leads to risk characterisation ratios as follows: aquatic species: AHTN 0.086, HHCB 0.074; sediment organisms: AHTN 0.44, HHCB 0.064; soil organisms: AHTN 0.091, HHCB 0.10; fish eating predators: AHTN 0.012, HHCB 0.001; worm eating predators: AHTN 0.007, HHCB 0.001. HASKONING Consulting Engineers and Architects, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. fba@haskoning.nl Balk F F Ford R A RA eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Toxicol Lett 7709027 0 Benzopyrans 0 Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated 0 Naphthalenes 0 Perfume 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 123-69-3 musk IM Algae drug effects Animals Benzopyrans toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated toxicity Fishes metabolism Naphthalenes toxicity No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Oligochaeta drug effects Perfume toxicity Risk Assessment Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10629278 2000 02 18 2000 02 18 2003 11 14

0090-4341 38 2 2000 Feb Evaluation of acute toxicity and genotoxicity of liquid products from pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis wood. 169-75 Slow pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis wood was performed in an oven laboratory, and smoke was trapped and condensed to yield liquid products. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic fractions were isolated from the former liquid products using adsorption column chromatography (ACC) and identified by GC/MS. Concentrations of PAH and phenolic fractions in total pyrolysis liquids were respectively 48.9 microg/g and 8.59% (w/w). Acute toxicity of total samples of pyrolysis liquids and the phenolic fraction was evaluated by means of two bioassays, namely, 24-h immobilization bioassay with Daphnia magna and Microtox bioassays, the latter employing the luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum. Total pyrolysis liquids and the PAH fraction were evaluated for genotoxicity by the Microtox bioassay conducted using rehydrated freeze-dried dark mutant of the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fisheri strain M169. Total pyrolysis liquids and the phenolic fraction, respectively, in concentrations of 170 and 68 mg/L were able to immobilize 50% (EC(50)) of the D. magna population following 24-h exposure. Concentrations of 19 and 6 mg/L, respectively, for total pyrolysis liquids and phenolic fraction were the effective concentrations that resulted in a 50% (EC(50)) reduction in light produced by bacteria in the Microtox bioassay. Accordingly, the Microtox bioassay was more sensitive to toxic effects of both kind of samples than the D. magna bioassay, particularly for the phenolic fraction. Regarding to the genotoxicity evaluation, the results achieved by Microtox bioassay showed that total pyrolysis liquids had no genotoxic effects with and without exogenous metabolic activation using rat liver homogenate (S9). However, the PAH fraction showed toxic effects with rat liver activation and had a dose-response number (DRN) equal to 1.6, being in this way suspected genotoxic. The lowest detected concentration (LDC) of the PAH fraction able to cause genotoxic effects was 375 microg/L. Department of Forestry Engineering, Laboratory of Wood Energy and Technology, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Universitário, 36571-000, Viçosa (MG), Brazil. Pimenta A S AS Bayona J M JM García M T MT Solanas A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Phenols 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic IM Animals Biological Assay Daphnia drug effects Enzyme Activation Eucalyptus chemistry Heat Liver drug effects enzymology Mass Fragmentography Molecular Structure Mutagenicity Tests Phenols chemistry toxicity Plants, Medicinal Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic toxicity Rats Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Wood 10635593 2000 02 04 2000 02 04 2003 11 14

0048-9697 243-244 1999 Dec 15 Assessment of toxicity hazards of dredged lake sediment contaminated by creosote. 97-105 In order to predict the potential toxicity hazards of sediment remediation by dredging, an experimental laboratory simulation was made by investigating seven ratios of creosote-contaminated sediment (Lake Jämsänvesi, central Finland) and artificial lake water mixtures. Sediment was suspended in water at the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128 v/v. The elutriates were analysed for the acute toxicity by photoluminescence bacterial and waterflea (Daphnia magna Straus) tests. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are determined by gas chromatography (GC/FID). The elutriate of ratio 1:2 was most toxic to bacteria (EC50 = 4.5%), whereas the ratio 1:4 was most toxic to waterfleas (EC50 = 21%). The elutriate of 1:1 contained the highest total PAH-concentration (1.67 mg/l) and total organic carbon (TOC) content (39.4 mg/l). When compared to the 1:1 ratio, taken as unity, the relative toxic emission yield (RTE) for bacteria was 307 for the ratio 1:128, so the high mixing ratio may cause a considerable ecotoxicological hazard. The highest amounts of PAHs were desorbed from sediment to water layer when the sediment was mixed with water at the ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 (v/v). It is assumed that dredging of creosote-contaminated sediment can potentially cause an ecotoxicological risk for a lake system at wide range of suspension ratios. We recommended that basic knowledge for these risks can be produced by simple laboratory simulation. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. Hyötyläinen T T Oikari A A eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8021-39-4 Creosote IM Animals Chromatography, Gas Creosote analysis toxicity Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Finland Fresh Water Geologic Sediments Luminescence Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10638754 2000 01 27 2000 01 27 2003 11 14

0028-0836 403 6765 2000 Jan 6 A highly unsaturated fatty acid predicts carbon transfer between primary producers and consumers. 74-7 The factors that regulate energy transfer between primary producers and consumers in aquatic ecosystems have been investigated for more than 50 years. Among all levels of the food web (plants, herbivores, carnivores), the plant-animal interface is the most variable and least predictable link. In hypereutrophic lakes, for example, biomass and energy transfer is often inhibited at the phytoplankton-zooplankton link, resulting in an accumulation of phytoplankton biomass instead of sustaining production at higher trophic levels, such as fish. Accumulation of phytoplankton (especially cyanobacteria) results in severe deterioration of water quality, with detrimental effects on the health of humans and domestic animals, and diminished recreational value of water bodies. We show here that low transfer efficiencies between primary producers and consumers during cyanobacteria bloom conditions are related to low relative eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5omega3) content of the primary producer community. Zooplankton growth and egg production were strongly related to the primary producer 20:5omega3 to carbon ratio. This indicates that limitation of zooplankton production by this essential fatty acid is of central importance at the pelagic producer-consumer interface. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis 95616, USA. dcnavarra@ucdavis.edu Müller-Navarra D C DC Brett M T MT Liston A M AM Goldman C R CR eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Nature 0410462 0 Fatty Acids, Unsaturated 7440-44-0 Carbon IM Animals Carbon chemistry metabolism Cyanobacteria metabolism Daphnia growth & development metabolism Ecosystem Energy Transfer Fatty Acids, Unsaturated chemistry metabolism Food Chain Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Zooplankton growth & development metabolism 10649769 2000 02 15 2000 02 15 2003 11 14

0736-6205 28 1 2000 Jan Optimized RAPD analysis generates high-quality genomic DNA profiles at high annealing temperature. 52-4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, England, UK. fatienzar@plymouth.ac.uk Atienzar F F Evenden A A Jha A A Savva D D Depledge M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Biotechniques 8306785 9007-49-2 DNA IM Biotechniques 2000 Dec;29(6):1195 Animals DNA analysis Daphnia Escherichia coli Genome Human Nucleic Acid Hybridization Polymerase Chain Reaction Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature 10650521 2000 02 18 2000 02 18 2003 11 14

0869-2092 62 6 1999 Nov-Dec [The possibility of using Daphnia magna as an alternative test object for evaluating the receptor selectivity of cholinotropic substances] 23-5 The results of study of the selectivity of the effects of cholinonegative and cholinopositive agents obtained on Daphnia magna hydrobionts were compared with the results of investigations on rats. This allowed Daphnia to be recommended as an alternative test object for studying the selectivity of the effect of cholinotropic agents in relation to some subtypes of muscarine receptors in an intact organism. Institute of Science of the Lakes, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Tonkopiĭ V D VD Kosmachev A B AB Zagrebin A O AO Fil'ko O A OA rus Journal Article Vozmozhnost' izpol'zovaniia Daphnia magna v kachestve al'ternativnogo test-ob''ekta dlia otsenki retseptornoĭ izbiratel'nosti kholinotropnykh veshchestv.

RUSSIA Eksp Klin Farmakol 9215981 0 2,4,6-trifluorine clopheline 0 Cholinergic Agonists 0 Cholinergic Antagonists 0 Receptors, Muscarinic 4205-90-7 Clonidine IM Animals Cholinergic Agonists pharmacology Cholinergic Antagonists pharmacology Clonidine analogs & derivatives pharmacology Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Rats Receptors, Muscarinic drug effects 10656887 2000 02 29 2000 02 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 64 2 2000 Feb Validation of the acute toxicity of inorganic chloramines to the fresh water invertebrate Daphnia magna. 213-20 Environmental Protection Branch, Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, 224 West Esplanade, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7M 3H7. Wan M T MT Van Aggelen G G Cheng W W Buday C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chloramines IM Animals Chloramines analysis toxicity Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Reproducibility of Results Survival Analysis Time Factors Toxicity Tests 10661716 2000 03 14 2000 03 14 2003 11 14

1367-8280 124 3 1999 Nov Assessment of the toxicity of a pesticide with a two-generation reproduction test using Daphnia magna. 247-52 Daphnia magna (F0 generation) were exposed during 21 days to different diazinon concentrations. Offspring (animals from the first and third brood: F1 (1st) and F1 (3rd), respectively) were transferred to a free pesticide medium during a 21-day recovery period. The algae Nannochloris oculata (5x10(5) cells/ml) were used as food. In this recovery study, survival, growth and reproduction (mean total young per female, mean brood size, onset of reproduction and mean number broods per female) were assessed as individual parameters, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) as population parameter for F1 (1st and 3rd broods) daphnids. Reproduction as well as survival was still reduced in F1 (1st) generation daphnids from parentals (F0) exposed to the highest diazinon concentration. However, F1 (1st) and F1 (3rd) individuals from parentals exposed to pesticide concentrations below 0.5 ng/l were able to restore reproduction and survival when a recovery period of 21 days was allowed. Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain. Sánchez M M Ferrando M D MD Sancho E E Andreu E E eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 9516060 0 Culture Media 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Animals Culture Media Daphnia drug effects physiology Diazinon toxicity Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Reproduction drug effects Toxicity Tests 10665416 2000 02 17 2000 02 17 2003 11 14

0045-6535 40 3 2000 Feb Evaluation of PNEC values: extrapolation from Microtox, algae, daphnid, and fish data to HC5. 267-73 In order to evaluate the risk to the environment from long term exposure of any discharged substance, toxicity thresholds are estimated, and particularly the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC). This concentration can be estimated by the classic assessment factor approach or by statistical methods. These are more scientifically sound but they require several (at least 5-6) chronic ecotoxicity data, implying greater cost and time. New extrapolation methods derived from the statistical concept but requiring less data have been studied. Results show that methods based on chronic data are more reliable than methods based on acute data but the improvement is quite small. Considering the costs of chronic tests compared to acute tests, approaches based on acute data are an attractive alternative. A simple regression on the mean of the acute data gives the best results. Rhône Poulenc Industrialisation, Décines, France. Garay V V Roman G G Isnard P P eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Environmental Pollutants IM Algae drug effects growth & development physiology Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Environmental Pollutants administration & dosage toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Oryzias growth & development physiology Regression Analysis Reproduction drug effects Risk Factors Sensitivity and Specificity Toxicity Tests Vibrio drug effects physiology 10665442 2000 02 25 2000 02 25 2003 11 14

0045-6535 40 1 2000 Jan Determination of selected fate and aquatic toxicity characteristics of acrylic acid and a series of acrylic esters. 29-38 Acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate are commercially important and widely used materials. This paper reports the results of a series of fate and aquatic toxicity studies. The mobility in soil of acrylic acid and its esters ranged from 'medium' to 'very high'. Calculated bioconcentration factors ranged from 1 to 37, suggesting a low bioconcentration potential. Acrylic acid and methyl acrylate showed limited biodegradability in the five day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) test, while ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate were degraded easily (77% and 56%, respectively). Using the OECD method 301D 28-d closed bottle test, degradability for acrylic acid was 81% at 28 days, while the acrylic esters ranged from 57% to 60%. Acrylic acid degraded rapidly to carbon dioxide in soil (t1/2 < 1 day). Toxicity tests were conducted using freshwater and marine fish, invertebrates, and algae. Acrylic acid effect concentrations for fish and invertebrates ranged from 27 to 236 mg/l. Effect concentrations (LC50 or EC50) for fish and invertebrates using methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate ranged from 1.1 to 8.2 mg/l. The chronic MATC for acrylic acid with Daphnia magna was 27 mg/l based on length and young produced per adult reproduction day and for ethyl acrylate was 0.29 mg/l based on both the reproductive and growth endpoints. Overall these studies show that acrylic acid and the acrylic esters studied can rapidly biodegrade, have a low potential for persistence or bioaccumulation in the environment, and have low to moderate toxicity. Assessment Technologies, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. Staples C A CA Murphy S R SR McLaughlin J E JE Leung H W HW Cascieri T C TC Farr C H CH eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Acrylates 0 Mutagens 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 140-88-5 ethyl acrylate 141-32-2 n-butyl acrylate 79-10-7 acrylic acid 96-33-3 methyl acrylate IM Acrylates analysis toxicity Animals Biodegradation Cyprinidae Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Mutagens analysis toxicity Oncorhynchus mykiss Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10667927 2000 03 23 2000 03 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 38 3 2000 Apr Relative acute toxicity of acid mine drainage water column and sediments to Daphnia magna in the Puckett's Creek Watershed, Virginia, USA. 305-10 Acid mine drainage (AMD) is produced when pyrite (FeS(2)) is oxidized on exposure to oxygen and water to form ferric hydroxides and sulfuric acid. If produced in sufficient quantity, iron precipitate, heavy metals (depending on soil mineralogy), and sulfuric acid may contaminate surface and ground water. A previous study of an AMD impacted watershed (Puckett's Creek, Powell River drainage, southwestern Virginia, USA) conducted by these researchers indicated that both water column and sediment toxicity were significantly correlated with benthic macroinvertebrate community impacts. Sites that had toxic water or sediment samples had significantly reduced macroinvertebrate taxon richness. The present study was designed to investigate the relative acute toxicity of acid mine drainage (AMD) water column and sediments to a single test organism (Daphnia magna) and to determine which abiotic factors were the best indicators of toxicity in this system. Nine sampling stations were selected based on proximity to major AMD inputs in the watershed. In 48-h exposures, sediment samples from three stations were acutely toxic to D. magna, causing 64-100% mortality, whereas water samples from five stations caused 100% mortality of test organisms. Forty-eight-hour LC50 values ranged from 35 to 63% for sediment samples and 27 to 69% for water column samples. Sediment iron concentration and several water chemistry parameters were the best predictors of sediment toxicity, and water column pH was the best predictor of water toxicity. Based on these correlations and on the fact that toxic sediments had high percent water content, water chemistry appears to be a more important adverse influence in this system than sediment chemistry. Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2119 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA. Soucek D J DJ Cherry D S DS Trent G C GC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia physiology Geologic Sediments Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Mining Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10677269 2000 03 02 2000 03 02 2003 11 14

0147-6513 45 1 2000 Jan Application of quantitative structure--activity relationships for assessing the aquatic toxicity of phthalate esters. 61-78 Phthalate esters (PEs) are an important class of industrial chemicals for which an extensive aquatic toxicity database is available. The objectives of this study were to use these data to develop quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) that describe aquatic toxicity for different freshwater and marine species, gain insights into toxicity mechanisms, and calculate PE water quality criteria using statistical extrapolation procedures. Results for low-molecular-weight PEs with log Kow<6 indicate that toxicity data conform to a simple log Kow-dependent QSAR. Fish were found to be more sensitive than algae while invertebrates spanned a wide range in toxicological response. Freshwater and marine species demonstrated a similar distribution of sensitivities. Comparison of species-dependent QSARs supports the hypothesis that biotransformation plays an important role in explaining toxicity differences observed between species. Estimated critical body residues (CBRs) for parent PE in fish were in the range reported for other polar organic chemicals while CBRs for parent PE plus associated metabolites were in the range reported for nonpolar narcotics (i.e., baseline toxicity) suggesting a possible putative role of PE metabolites. Depending on extrapolation procedure and assumptions, predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and butybenzyl phthalate ranged from 3109 to 4780, 865 to 1173, 43 to 62, and 38 to 60 microg l(-1), respectively. PNECs derived using this approach provide a transparent technical basis to support aquatic risk assessment for low-molecular-weight PEs. Results for high-molecular-weight PEs (log Kow>6) indicate that these chemicals are not acutely or chronically toxic to freshwater or marine organisms due to the combined role of low water solubility and limited bioconcentration potential which precludes attainment of internal concentrations that are required to elicit adverse effects. It is concluded that attempts to establish aquatic PNECs for high-molecular-weight PEs are not scientifically defensible. Exxon Chemical Europe, Machelen, Belgium. thomas.f.parketon@esso.com Parkerton T F TF Konkel W J WJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Phthalic Acids 117-81-7 Diethylhexyl Phthalate 88-99-3 phthalic acid IM Algae drug effects Animals Body Burden Daphnia drug effects Decapoda (Crustacea) Diethylhexyl Phthalate Fishes Invertebrates drug effects Phthalic Acids metabolism toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Tetrahymena 10702342 2000 04 12 2000 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 45 3 2000 Mar Use of bioassays for assessment of water-extractable ecotoxic potential of soils. 240-6 The characterization of contaminated soils is based on heterogeneous strategies considering chemical analyses or bioassays. In the report Bioassays for soils, test methods which are at an advanced state of development and standardization are recommended by the German DECHEMA (German Society for Chemical Apparatus, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology e.V.). Following this report six soil samples contaminated with different organic and inorganic substances are applied to bioassays using the following organisms: Scenedesmus subspicatus, Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri, and Pseudomonas putida. Additionally, they are chemically analyzed. The test results demonstrate that toxic contaminants are present and bioavailable in water elutriates from two soils, indicating the necessity of bioassays and chemical analyses to predict potential risks from contaminated soils. Furthermore it is demonstrated that the described qualitative approach for the assessment of test results is not sufficient to quantify the risk potential of contaminated soils. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. RWTH Aachen, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, D-52057, Germany. Gudrun.Maxam@post.rwth-aachen.de Maxam G G Rila J P JP Dott W W Eisentraeger A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Soil Pollutants 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biological Assay methods Biological Availability Cell Division drug effects Daphnia drug effects Ecosystem Evaluation Studies Luminescence Predictive Value of Tests Pseudomonas putida drug effects Risk Assessment Soil Pollutants analysis pharmacokinetics toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Water chemistry 10702344 2000 04 12 2000 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 45 3 2000 Mar Toxicity of sodium molybdate and sodium dichromate to Daphnia magna straus evaluated in acute, chronic, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition tests. 253-9 As a result of a widespread application in numerous industrial processes, chromium is a contaminant of many environmental systems. Chromium and their compounds are toxic to both invertebrates and vertebrates and, for this reason, there has been a search for suitable and less toxic alternatives. Molybdenum compounds have been studied as alternative to chromium compounds for some industrial applications. The toxicity of chromium is well known but the effects of molybdenum and molybdenum mining on natural populations and communities of freshwater invertebrates have not often been studied. However, chromium, and molybdenum (and their compounds) are included in the same list (List II) of European Union dangerous substances. In this study, the acute and chronic effects of sodium molybdate and sodium dichromate to Daphnia magna Straus were evaluated. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo effects of these two metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of D. magna Straus were investigated. LC(50) values determined at 48 h were 0.29 and 2847.5 mg L(-1) for chromium (as sodium dichromate) and molybdenum (as sodium molybdate), respectively. No significant in vitro effects of both metals on AChE were found. However, both toxicants inhibited AChE in vivo at concentrations under the respective 48-h LC(50) values. Both sodium dichromate and sodium molybdate inhibited the reproduction and growth of D. magna, but the concentrations inducing significant effects were different for the two chemicals. Sodium molybdate had significant lower toxicity to D. magna Straus than sodium dichromate. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, 3000, Portugal. teresa.diamantino@mail.ineti.pt Diamantino T C TC Guilhermino L L Almeida E E Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Chromates 10588-01-9 sodium bichromate 7439-98-7 Molybdenum 7631-95-0 sodium molybdate(VI) 7782-44-7 Oxygen EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase drug effects metabolism Animals Biological Assay Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Chromates toxicity Daphnia drug effects enzymology growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Lethal Dose 50 Molybdenum toxicity Oxygen metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 10702350 2000 04 12 2000 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 45 3 2000 Mar Changes in the metabolic elimination profile of testosterone following exposure of the crustacean Daphnia magna to tributyltin. 296-303 The biocide tributyltin has been found to cause the development of pseudohermaphroditic conditions in some neogastropod species. These abnormalities of the reproductive system have adversely affected the fecundity of some field populations of gastropods, resulting in local population declines. Current evidence suggests that tributyltin elicits these effects by interfering with the biotransformation of testosterone to other steroid derivatives, resulting in an elevation in endogenous testosterone or some of its bioactive derivatives. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether tributyltin altered testosterone metabolism in daphnids (Daphnia magna), a species commonly used in ecotoxicology testing. Exposure of daphnids to 1.2 microg (tin)/L caused a general increase in the rate of elimination of oxido-reduced, hydroxylated, and glucose-conjugated derivatives of testosterone. However, tributyltin exposure had no significant effect on the rate of elimination of the glucose-conjugated forms of the various oxido-reduced and hydroxylated derivatives of testosterone. As a result, the percentage of the oxido-reduced and hydroxylated metabolites of testosterone eliminated as glucose conjugates decreased with increasing tributyltin exposure levels. These results demonstrate that tributyltin causes alterations in testosterone metabolism in daphnids that would result in an increase in the production of oxido-reduced derivatives. These products are preferentially retained in the tissues of daphnids and are variously androgenic in vertebrates. The increased production of oxido-reduced derivatives of testosterone may be mechanically responsible for the masculinizing effects of tributyltin in some species and suggests that daphnids may be a suitable surrogate for evaluating the potential of chemicals to elicit this form of toxicity. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7633, USA. ga_leblanc@ncsu.edu LeBlanc G A GA McLachlan J B JB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hydroxytestosterones 0 Trialkyltin Compounds 25126-76-5 Androstane-3,17-diol 50-99-7 Glucose 521-18-6 Dihydrotestosterone 58-22-0 Testosterone 63-05-8 Androstenedione 688-73-3 tributyltin IM Androstane-3,17-diol analogs & derivatives analysis metabolism Androstenedione analysis metabolism Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Dihydrotestosterone analysis metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Glucose metabolism Hydroxytestosterones analysis metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Testosterone metabolism Trialkyltin Compounds toxicity 10705550 2000 04 11 2000 04 11 2003 11 14

0045-6535 40 7 2000 Apr Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna. 723-30 The acute and chronic toxicity of nine antibiotics used both therapeutically and as growth promoters in intensive farming was investigated on the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. The effect of the antibiotics metronidazole (M), olaquindox (OL), oxolinic acid (OA), oxytetracycline (OTC), streptomycin (ST), sulfadiazine (SU), tetracycline (TC), tiamulin (TI) and tylosin (TY) was tested in accordance to the ISO (1989) and OECD (1996) standard procedures. The acute toxicities (48-h EC50 value, mg/l) in decreasing order were OA (4.6), TI (40), SU (221), ST (487), TY (680) and OTC (approximately 1000). NOECs were 340 mg/l for TC and 1000 mg/l for M and OL. Toxic effect on reproduction occurred generally at concentrations, which were one order of magnitude below the acute toxic levels. The chronic toxicity (EC50 values, mg/l) in the D. magna reproduction test in decreasing order were TI (5.4), SU (13.7), TC (44.8) and OTC (46.2). The NOECs (mg/l) obtained in the reproduction test with OA, ST, TY and M were 0.38 for OA, 32 for ST, 45 for TY and 250 for M. The observed toxicity of OA to D. magna indicates that this substance, which is a commonly used feed additive in fish farms, has a potential to cause adverse effects on the aquatic environment. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. Wollenberger L L Halling-Sørensen B B Kusk K O KO eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Anti-Bacterial Agents 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Veterinary Drugs IM Animals Anti-Bacterial Agents toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Environmental Pollutants toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Veterinary Drugs toxicity 10715609 2000 04 21 2000 04 21 2003 11 14

0260-437X 20 2 2000 Mar-Apr Defining the baseline for inhibition concentration calculations for hormetic hazards. 121-5 The use of endpoint estimates based on modeling inhibition of test organism response relative to a baseline response is an important tool in the testing and evaluation of aquatic hazards. In the presence of a hormetic hazard, the definition of the baseline response is not clear because non-zero levels of the hazard stimulate an enhanced response prior to inhibition. In the present study, the methodology and implications of how one defines a baseline response for inhibition concentration estimation in aquatic toxicity tests was evaluated. Three possible baselines were considered: the control response level; the pooling of responses, including controls and all concentration conditions with responses enhanced relative to controls; and, finally, the maximal response. The statistical methods associated with estimating inhibition relative to the first two baseline definitions were described and a method for estimating inhibition relative to the third baseline definition was derived. These methods were illustrated with data from a standard aquatic zooplankton reproductive toxicity test in which the number of young produced in three broods of a cladoceran exposed to effluent was modeled as a function of effluent concentration. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Department of Maths and Statistics, Center for Environmental Toxicology and Statistics, Miami University, OH 45045, USA. Bailer A J AJ Oris J T JT eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

ENGLAND J Appl Toxicol 8109495 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Adaptation, Physiological drug effects Animals Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Models, Biological Reproduction drug effects Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 13 10736770 2000 05 09 2000 05 09 2003 11 14

0360-1234 35 2 2000 Mar Population dynamics in Daphnia magna as modified by chronic tetradifon stress. 211-27 Two Daphnia magna offsprings (animals from the first and third brood) whose parentals (F0-generation) were exposed during 21 days to different tetradifon (4-chlorophenyl 2,4,5-trichlophenyl sulfone) concentrations, were transferred to a pesticide free medium during 21 days (recovery period). The algae Nannochloris oculata (5 x 10(5) cells/mL) was used as food. In this recovery study, survival, growth and reproduction (mean total young per female, mean brood size, onset of reproduction and mean number broods per female) were assessed as individual parameters and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) as population parameter, for F1 generation (1st and 3rd broods). Reproduction was still reduced in F1 (1st and 3rd broods) generation daphnids from parentals (F0) exposed to 0.18 mg/L tetradifon and higher concentrations even after 21 days in clean water. However, survival was not significantly different (p > 0.05) in those F1 offsprings from parentals pre-exposed to the acaricide. Growth was still reduced in F1 daphnids from parentals pre-exposed to 0.10-0.44 mg/L tetradifon. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) was still affected in F1 generation daphnids, specially in those from the third brood. Therefore, F1 generation D. magna offsprings from a parental generation (F0) previously exposed to the acaricide tetradifon were not able to recuperate completely when a recovery period of 21 days was allowed. Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain. Villarroel M J MJ Ferrando M D MD Sancho E E Andreu E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 116-29-0 tetradifon IM Animals Daphnia Female Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated toxicity Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Population Dynamics Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Analysis 10739118 2000 06 13 2000 06 13 2003 11 14

0022-1503 91 1 2000 Jan-Feb Genetic differentiation among Oregon lake populations of the Daphnia pulex species complex. 8-17 Gene flow among invertebrate populations inhabiting bodies of nonflowing freshwater such as ponds or lakes must at some stage involve transport across habitat unsuitable for adult stages. Consequently the potential for interpopulational differentiation is high in these species, yet empirical studies of lake populations of Cladocerans such as Daphnia have failed to reveal high levels of genetic distinctiveness among populations and have led to much speculation about how these populations exchange genes and remain cohesive evolutionary units. In this study we surveyed 42 Oregon lake populations of Daphnia from the D. pulex species complex for genetic variation within the mitochondrial DNA control region. We have used this data to test the relative abilities of various ecological factors to explain the observed patterns in genetic differentiation among lakes. Despite limited genetic variation detected among our samples--11 very similar RFLP-defined mtDNA genotypes from 388 individuals--analyses of nucleotide variance using analogs to Wright's F statistics indicate that when multilake populations are defined in terms of the river drainage basin to which they belong, strong and significant amounts of among-population genetic variation can be detected at this locus (F(ST) estimates between 0.5 and 0.6). In contrast, we fail to detect consistent significant among-population variation when populations are defined on the basis of regional physical geography, bird migratory flyways, or lake trophic status. The manner in which the data are compiled, that is, whether RFLPs or nucleotide sequences are used, has little effect on the overall conclusions, yet it is clear that nucleotide sequence data would lower the standard errors of F(ST) estimates. We propose that periodic widescale flooding during the late Pleistocene may be an important mechanism to homogenize genetic differences among lake Daphnia continent-wide south of the southern-most extent of Pleistocene glaciation. Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, USA. Straughan D J DJ Lehman N N eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Hered 0375373 0 DNA, Mitochondrial IM Animals DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Fresh Water Genotype Oregon Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length Population Dynamics Sequence Analysis, DNA Variation (Genetics) 10786033 2000 06 13 2000 06 13 2003 11 14

0253-5890 30 1 2000 Apr Toxicity of a Neem (Azadirachta indica) insecticide to certain aquatic organisms. 221-31 Neem based insecticides are likely to show a large increase in use in the near future. In the present work, the toxicity of a neem insecticide, Neem-Azal-T/S, was tested against the mosquito larvae, as well as against certain non target organisms occurring in a polluted pond and a shallow stream, located in a cultivated area in Giza, Egypt. Samples of water containing the experimental animals were collected from this area, and toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory by exposing them to a series of concentrations of the botanical insecticide, using the water of the pond and stream at room temperature (28-31 degrees C). The compound was more or less toxic to all the tested species. The LC50S and mortality rates were determined. The order of tolerance of the organisms to different concentrations of the insecticide was: larvae of Bufo regularis (Amphibia) > Aedes caspius. (Insecta) > Gambusia affinis (Poeciliidae) > Cyclops sp. > Daphnia magna (Crustacea). At a concentration of 20 ppm, all the tadpoles died within 9 days, while all other individuals died within 5 to 8 days after exposure to a concentration of 10 ppm of Neem Azal insecticide. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. el-Shazly M M MM el-Sharnoubi E D ED eng Journal Article

EGYPT J Egypt Soc Parasitol 8102141 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Aedes drug effects Animals Biological Assay Bufonidae Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fishes Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Larva drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10699362 2000 06 20 2000 06 20 2003 11 14

0887-2333 14 1 2000 Feb The acute toxicity of surfactants on fish cells, Daphnia magna and fish-a comparative study. 61-8 There is a need to replace acute toxicity tests on fish (LC(50)) with more cost effective assays. The main objective of this study was to explore whether gill epithelial cells, hepatocytes and Daphnia magna could be used to predict acute toxicity of surfactants on fish. The acute toxicity of 10 synthetic surfactants (anionic, cationic, nonionic and zwitterionic) and two resin acids were determined on hepatocytes and gill epithelial cells from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), on Daphnia magna and on fish. Cell viability was measured with the fluorescent viability probe calcein-AM, immobilization was determined for Daphnia and 24-hr LC(50) for rainbow trout. The EC(50) values for the cellular tests were clearly higher than the corresponding values for Daphnia and fish, indicating that the cellular tests with the endpoint used are less sensitive than whole organisms. A combination of the EC(50) values for Daphnia and freshly isolated gill epithelial cells in suspension showed, however, a good correlation with acute toxicity on fish (r(2)=0.91 and slope=1.09). The combination seems to be a promising in vitro alternative to acute toxicity tests on fish (LC(50)), but a more exhaustive comparison, including a broad spectrum of chemicals should be made before the predictive value of the combined in vitro test can be evaluated. Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerig. 6, FIN-20520, Turku/Abo, Finland. msandbac@abo.fi Sandbacka M M Christianson I I Isomaa B B eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Toxicol In Vitro 8712158 0 Surface-Active Agents IM Animal Testing Alternatives Animals Cells, Cultured Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Epithelial Cells drug effects Gills cytology drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Liver cytology Oncorhynchus mykiss physiology Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents toxicity 10803542 2000 06 19 2000 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 247 2-3 2000 Mar 20 In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Daphnia magna acetylcholinesterase by surfactant agents: possible implications for contamination biomonitoring. 137-41 This study was designed to investigate the effect of two surfactants, dodecyl benzyl sulfonate (DBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and of a domestic detergent (Y) on the AChE activity of the crustacean cladoceran Daphnia magna. All the chemicals significantly inhibit the activity of the enzyme, both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values ranged from 12.5 to 100 mg/l and correspondent IC50 (50% inhibition concentration) values ranged from 6.6 to 58.5 mg/l. In vivo LOEC values ranged from 2 to 11.9 mg/l, while EC50 (50% effect concentration) values ranged from 11.4 to 56.7 mg/l. AChE inhibition by environmental contaminants such as surfactants, detergents and metals may lead to false diagnostics and even wrong conclusions in biomonitoring studies based on the use of AChE as a specific biomarker for organophosphorous and carbamate compounds. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Departamento de Estudos de Populações, Centro de Innes, Tigaçáo Marinhae Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. lguilher@ICBAS.up.pr Guilhermino L L Lacerda M N MN Nogueira A J AJ Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Biological Markers 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Detergents 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Surface-Active Agents 151-21-3 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase metabolism Animals Benzene Derivatives toxicity Biological Markers Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Daphnia drug effects enzymology Detergents toxicity Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants toxicity Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents toxicity 10801393 2000 07 06 2000 07 06 2003 11 14

1522-2152 73 2 2000 Mar-Apr The influence of haemoglobin on behavioural thermoregulation and oxygen consumption in Daphnia carinata. 153-60 When placed in a temperature gradient, most ectotherms have a strict thermal preference that is lowered on exposure to hypoxia. Branchiopods, small aquatic crustaceans, are known to synthesise haemoglobin (Hb) when exposed to hypoxia; hypoxia can occur diurnally and seasonally in ponds. The effect of Hb on behavioural thermoregulation in the branchiopod Daphnia carinata following exposure to both normoxia and hypoxia was examined. Control animals raised in normoxia (Po2=150 mmHg, [Hb]=0.026+/-0.007 mg g dry wt-1) and Hb-rich animals raised in hypoxia (Po2=70 mmHg, [Hb]=0.080+/-0.017 mg g dry wt-1) were placed (N=30) in a tube (length=500 mm, diameter=8 mm) filled with pond water. In the absence of a thermal gradient, control and Hb-rich animals in normoxic water were uniformly distributed along the tube. The presence of a thermal gradient (13 degrees -28 degrees C) elicited clustering at a preferred temperature, T approximately 23 degrees C for both groups. Exposure to hypoxic water in a thermal gradient resulted in a behavioural shift: T approximately 16 degrees C for controls and T approximately 19 degrees C for Hb-rich animals. Measurements of oxygen consumption (V&d2;o2) at fixed temperatures revealed that Hb is associated with a metabolic acclimation to hypoxia. Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia. Wiggins P R PR Frappell P B PB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Physiol Biochem Zool 100883369 0 Hemoglobins IM S Animals Anoxia physiopathology veterinary Behavior, Animal physiology Body Temperature Regulation physiology Colorimetry veterinary Daphnia physiology Fresh Water Hemoglobins physiology Oxygen Consumption physiology Statistics, Nonparametric Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10805998 2000 06 08 2000 06 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 46 1 2000 May Physiological perturbations in several generations of Daphnia magna straus exposed to diazinon. 87-94 Daphnia magna was exposed to sublethal diazinon concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 ng/L) for 21 days. The algae Nannochloris oculata (5x10(5) cells/mL) was used to feed the daphnids. Chronic toxicity tests were carried out using neonates of F(1) (first brood) and F(1) (third brood) offspring generations from parentals (F(0)) preexposed to the organophosphate. The effect of diazinon on survival, reproduction, and growth was monitored for the selected daphnid generations. The parameters used to evaluate pesticide effect on reproduction were mean total young per female, mean brood size, time to first reproduction, mean number broods per female, and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r). Survival and growth (body length) were also determined after 21 days of exposure to the pesticide. Reproduction as well as survival was significantly reduced when diazinon concentration increased in the medium. This effect was greater in F(1) (first) and F(1) (third) offspring compared to the parental generation (F(0)) daphnids. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) decreased with increasing concentrations of diazinon, especially in those animals from the first and third brood. However, the growth of the exposed organisms decreased in the same order of magnitude in all generations tested. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was calculated for F(0), F(1) (first), and F(1) (third) generations of D. magna exposed to the pesticide using as parameter of evaluation the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r). The interpolation of these results gave MATC values of 0.62 and 0.07 ng/L pesticide for F(0)-F(1) (first) generations and F(1) (third) generation, respectively. Therefore, F(1) (third) generation seems to be more sensitive to diazinon than generations F(0) and F(1) (first). The EC(50) values have been derived for some selected parameters on the generations of D. magna exposed to diazinon. EC(50) values decreased in F(1) (first) and F(1) (third) generations compared to the parental generation F(0). Expanding the reproduction tests to several generations revealed important information on chronic toxicity that could add to an increased cost-effectiveness in the protection of aquatic environments. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, Valencia, E-46100, Spain. Sánchez M M Ferrando M D MD Sancho E E Andreu E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Diazinon toxicity Female Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10833653 2000 09 25 2000 09 25 2003 11 14

0012-4966 371 1-6 2000 Mar-Apr The microalgal food spectrum of Daphnia longispina during the algal bloom of an eutrophic water body. 179-81 Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Gladyshev M I MI Kolmakov V I VI Dubovskaya O P OP Ivanova E A EA eng Journal Article

RUSSIA Dokl Biol Sci 7505459 IM Algae growth & development Animals Biomass Daphnia growth & development Ecosystem Food Chain Plankton growth & development Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Microbiology Zooplankton growth & development 10836541 2000 10 17 2000 10 17 2003 11 14

1011-1344 54 2-3 2000 Feb Oxidative stress and defence mechanisms of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia longispina exposed to UV radiation. 121-5 The aim of the present study is to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative stress in the cladoceran Daphnia longispina exposed to UV-A and UV-B radiation. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation markers is investigated and the protective action of ascorbic acid determined. Results show differences in the lethality radioinduced by UV-A and UV-B. Both UV-A and UV-B exposure cause an important increase in malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration and catalase activity. Ascorbic acid addition reduces the MDA concentration, indicating that the oxidative stress caused by either UV-A or UV-B radiation can be controlled by antioxidants. The increase of the antioxidant enzymes may be a response mechanism to oxidative stress. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Dpto. Radiobiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina. pamavega@cnea.gov.ar Vega M P MP Pizarro R A RA eng Journal Article

SWITZERLAND J Photochem Photobiol B 8804966 0 Antioxidants 0 Culture Media 50-81-7 Ascorbic Acid IM Animals Antioxidants pharmacology Ascorbic Acid pharmacology Culture Media Daphnia drug effects radiation effects Fresh Water Lipid Peroxidation Oxidative Stress Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Ultraviolet Rays 10871415 2000 08 17 2000 08 17 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 2 2000 Aug Experimental kinetic rates of food-chain and waterborne radionuclide transfer to freshwater fish: a basis for the construction of fish contamination charts. 133-44 A standardized procedure is proposed to obtain from laboratory experiments the kinetic accumulation and release rates necessary to calibrate dynamic models to quantify radionuclide direct and trophic transfer in fish. The model takes into account the food-chain effect, the feeding rate, and the growth of organisms. It takes as examples (54)Mn, (60)Co, and (137)Cs transfer dynamics through a simple pelagic food-chain (phytoplankton, zooplankton, prey fish, and predator fish). The estimated kinetic rates used in quantifying all the transfers of the three radioactive pollutants through the pelagic food chain are compared from the radioecological point of view. For fish, comparison was based on the calculation of concentration factors referring to direct transfer from water and trophic transfer factors. For the prey fish and the predator fish, direct transfer gave the following order for accumulation (60)Co < (137)Cs < (54)Mn. Values reached at equilibrium in L/kg WW were respectively for the prey fish and the predator fish: 8.7 < 27.4 < 107 and 4.14 < 6.59 < 13.4. For the trophic route, (137)Cs is the most accumulated (TTF(eq) = 0.485 in 291 days for the prey fish and TTF(eq) = 1.45 in 17 years for the predator fish). A sensitivity analysis adapted to the case of a chronic contamination scenario of a watercourse was run. It showed that the phytoplankton biomass, the contact time of these drifting particles from a release point to the station where they are ingested and the feeding rates of the fish are the most influential parameter with regard to the concentration in fish, whatever the trophic level. Contamination charts are constructed for the predator fish to illustrate the relationship between the most influential ecological parameters and the radionuclide concentration in fish for simple contamination scenarios. They are shown to be effective tools for helping in the choice of the most relevant value of aggregated concentration factors (ACFs: radionuclide concentration ratio between the organism and the water, referred to steady-state and to all possible transfer pathways) for a given key ecological situation in a given ecosystem. An example is given of a simple chronic release scenario of 1 Bq/L and a phytoplanktonic bloom period. For (137)Cs, the ACF increases with increasing contact time and increasing feeding rate, to nearly 550 L/kg WW at equilibrium. For (54)Mn, ACF reaches 65 L/kg WW. For (60)Co, the general pattern of the relationship is due to the rapid kinetic rates governing the distribution of the radionuclide between dissolved and solid (phytoplankton) phases with a maximum value for ACF of 7.2 L/kg WW for the case study. Analysis of these charts provides a basis for overall guidelines for chronic releases in a given watercourse. Institut de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Département de Protection de l'Environnement, Laboratoire de Radioécologie Expérimentale, centre de Cadarache, Bt 180, BP 1, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance Cédex, France. Garnier-Laplace J J Adam C C Baudin J P JP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Cesium Radioisotopes 0 Cobalt Radioisotopes 0 Water Pollutants, Radioactive 7439-96-5 Manganese IM Algae, Green metabolism Animals Carps metabolism Cesium Radioisotopes analysis pharmacokinetics Cobalt Radioisotopes analysis pharmacokinetics Daphnia metabolism Food Chain Fresh Water Manganese analysis pharmacokinetics Models, Biological Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolism Water Pollutants, Radioactive analysis pharmacokinetics 10874748 2000 10 27 2000 10 27 2003 11 14

0962-8452 267 1447 2000 May 22 Avoiding the cost of males in obligately asexual Daphnia pulex (Leydig). 991-7 Asexual organisms are thought to gain an advantage by avoiding the cost of producing males. In the cladoceran Daphnia pulex (Leydig), male production is determined by the environment and is independent of the origin of the asexual obligate parthenogens from the sexual cyclical parthenogens. If there is a cost to producing males, successful obligate parthenogens should have reduced or eliminated male production. Field and laboratory observations showed that obligate parthenogens have much-reduced male production compared to cyclical parthenogens. Although the reduction or elimination of males in the obligate parthenogens suggests that the cost of males is avoided, the coexistence of sexual and asexual forms of D. pulex may be partially explained by cyclical parthenogens compensating for the cost of males by having greater fecundity. In addition, the absence of a mating constraint for the obligate parthenogens may favour an increased allocation to asexual diapausing eggs earlier in the season compared to the cyclical parthenogens which require mating with males to produce sexual diapausing eggs. No difference in the production of diapausing eggs was observed, probably because males were abundant in populations of cyclical parthenogens and do not appear to limit the production of sexual diapausing eggs. D. pulex is a useful system for determining the ecological consequences of abandoning sexual reproduction and explaining the coexistence of sexual and asexual forms of a species. Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada. Innes D J DJ Fox C J CJ Winsor G L GL eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Male Parthenogenesis physiology Photoperiod Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10879818 2000 12 05 2000 12 05 2003 11 14

0045-6535 41 7 2000 Oct Algal growth inhibition: effect of the choice of growth rate or biomass as endpoint on the classification and labelling of new substances notified in the EU. 1007-10 From the complete base set notifications of new substances currently available, we have investigated what effects the choice of using growth rate or biomass in the algal growth inhibition test has on the relative sensitivity of the three aquatic toxicity tests. Both parameters derived from the algal test were more sensitive than either fish or Daphnia tests. Changes in the classification of substances after the removal of either algae, Daphnia or fish data from the base set, when applying current legal practice, occur in 22.9%, 6.6% and 4.8% of the notifications, respectively. When always using growth rate as a parameter, these numbers change to 15.4%, 9.2% and 7.2%, respectively. European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Unit: Toxicology and Chemical Substances, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra, Italy. arnd.weyers@jrc.it Weyers A A Vollmer G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Water Pollutants IM Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Biomass Daphnia drug effects growth & development Environmental Monitoring methods Europe Reference Values Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants adverse effects 10885989 2000 08 31 2000 08 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 2 2000 Aug Automated beta galactosidase activity bioassay for adult Daphnia magna versus classic immobilization test. 139-46 Environmental Toxicology, VITO, Boeretang 200, B-2400 MOL, Belgium. Weltens R R Vanderplaetse F F Vangenechten C C Verhulst T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Enzyme Inhibitors 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical EC 3.2.1.23 beta-Galactosidase IM Animals Biological Assay methods Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects enzymology physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Enzyme Inhibitors toxicity Fluorescence Lethal Dose 50 Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity beta-Galactosidase antagonists & inhibitors 10885990 2000 08 31 2000 08 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 2 2000 Aug Acute toxicity of inorganic chloramines to Daphnia magna in two types of dilution water. 147-52 Environmental Protection Branch, Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, 224 West Esplanade, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7M 3H7. Wan M T MT Watts R G RG Cheng W W eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chloramines 0 Solvents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7726-95-6 Bromine 7782-41-4 Fluorine IM Animals Bromine analysis deficiency toxicity Chloramines analysis toxicity Daphnia drug effects Drug Interactions Fluorine analysis deficiency toxicity Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Solvents chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Supply analysis 10885995 2000 08 31 2000 08 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 2 2000 Aug Ecotoxicological assessment of two pulp mill effluent, Biobio River Basin, Chile. 183-9 Laboratory of Bioassays, Department of Zoology, Box 160-C, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile. Gaete H H Larrain A A Bay-Schmith E E Baeza J J Rodriguez J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects metabolism Animals Chile Chironomidae drug effects metabolism Daphnia drug effects metabolism Environmental Monitoring methods Fresh Water analysis Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated analysis Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Industry Lethal Dose 50 Oxygen Consumption drug effects Paper Photobacterium drug effects metabolism Species Specificity Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10901659 2000 08 16 2000 08 16 2003 11 14

0045-6535 38 2 1999 Jan An experimental design to probe the interactions of dissolved organic matter and xenobiotics: bioavailability of pyrene and 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl to Daphnia magna. 335-50 Experiments were conducted to probe the interactions between natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) and two xenobiotics, and to determine how DOM influences their bioavailability. The experimental set-up, using dialysis bags, was designed to expose test organisms to the same constant concentration of free dissolved chemical, while increasing the concentration of the bound-to-DOM fraction. Daphnia magna S. were exposed to pyrene or 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in the presence of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10 or 20 mg L(-1) of a reference riverine humic acid (Suwannee River Humic Acid). The physico-chemical parameters were well constrained in the microcosm, demonstrating its potential usefulness. However bioaccumulation by D. magna showed important variability between replicate treatments, sufficient to mask any trends as a function of DOM concentration. The organic-carbon-normalised partition coefficients (K(OC)) ranged from 52000 to 92000 L kg(-1) for pyrene and from 8200 to 89000 L kg(-1) for 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, with a marked "concentration effect" for the latter compound. Université du Québec, INRS-Eau, Sainte-Foy, Canada. Granier L K LK Lafrance P P Campbell P G PG eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Carcinogens 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 0 Pyrenes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Xenobiotics 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 35693-99-3 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl IM Animals Biological Availability Carcinogens chemistry pharmacokinetics Chemistry, Physical Daphnia chemistry metabolism Humic Acids pharmacology Polychlorinated Biphenyls chemistry pharmacokinetics Pyrenes chemistry pharmacokinetics Research Design Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis pharmacokinetics Xenobiotics chemistry pharmacokinetics 10903361 2000 09 25 2000 09 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 3 2000 Sep Quantitative structure-toxicity relationships for derivates of benzanilides to Daphnia magna. 366-74 State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Dai J J Wang L L eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Anilides 93-98-1 benzanilide IM Anilides chemistry toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Lethal Dose 50 Models, Chemical Molecular Structure Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10903365 2000 09 25 2000 09 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 3 2000 Sep Interspecies modeling of narcotics toxicity to aquatic animals. 399-406 Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, Bourgas University "Assen Zlatarov," Bulgaria. Dimitrov S D SD Mekenyan O G OG Schultz T W TW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Narcotics IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinidae physiology Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Human Lethal Dose 50 Models, Biological Narcotics chemistry toxicity Regression Analysis Solubility Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Tetrahymena drug effects 10903832 2000 09 01 2000 09 01 2003 11 14

0147-6513 46 3 2000 Jul Toxicity of Euphorbia milii latex and niclosamide to snails and nontarget aquatic species. 342-50 The toxicity of Euphorbia milii molluscicidal latex and niclosamide (NCL) to target snails (Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila) and nontarget aquatic organisms is evaluated. Planorbidae snails were killed by very low concentrations of lyophilized latex (48-h LC(50), mg/L: B. glabrata, 0.12; B. tenagophila, 0.09; Helisoma duryi, 0.10). Latex was less toxic (48-h LC(50) or EC(50), mg/L) to oligochaeta (Tubifex tubifex, 0.31), planktonic crustacea (Daphnia similis, 0.38; C. dubia, 1.07; Artemia sp., 0.93), and fishes (Danio rerio, 0.96; Poecilia reticulata, 1. 39), and considerably less toxic to Ampullariidae snails (Pomacea sp. , 10.55) and frog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana, 7.50). Latex (up to 100 mg/L) was not toxic to bacteria (P. putida and V. fischeri), algae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris), and mosquito larvae (Anopheles albitarsis, Aedes aegypti, Aedes fluviatilis). NCL was very toxic (48-h LC(50) or EC(50), mg/L) to Planorbidae snails (B. glabrata, 0.15, B. tenagophila, 0.13; H. duryi, 0.10), T. tubifex (0.11), crustacea (D. similis, 0.19; Ceriodaphnia dubia, 0.47; Artemia sp. 0.18), fishes (D. rerio, 0.25; P. reticulata, 0.29), R. catesbeiana (0.16), and Pomacea sp. (0.76). NCL was toxic to bacteria, algae (96-h IC(50), mg/L: S. capricornutum, 0.34; C. vulgaris, 1.23) and slightly toxic to mosquito larvae. In conclusion, E. milii latex, as compared with the reference molluscicide niclosamide, presents a higher degree of selectivity toward snails which are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma trematodes. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, The National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil. Oliveira-Filho E C EC Paumgartten F J FJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Latex 0 Molluscacides 50-65-7 Niclosamide IM Algae drug effects Animals Bacteria drug effects Biomphalaria drug effects Crustacea drug effects Culicidae drug effects Euphorbiaceae Latex toxicity Molluscacides toxicity Niclosamide toxicity Oligochaeta drug effects Rana catesbeiana Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10903834 2000 09 01 2000 09 01 2003 11 14

0147-6513 46 3 2000 Jul Acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna: an alternative to mammals in the prescreening of chemical toxicity? 357-62 In this study, the association between the acute toxicity of 15 compounds to Daphnia magna, expressed as 24- and 48-h LC(50) values, and the corresponding oral LD(50) values for the rat was tested. Since there was evidence of a strong relationship between the two species, the sample was extended to 54 cases by including the values for acute toxicity to D. magna and rat of more chemicals published by other authors. Thus, a total of 54 data points were further used to ascertain the relationship between the acute toxicity of chemical compounds to D. magna and that to the rat. To summarize its validity, the D. magna test is more specific than sensitive as an indicator of toxicity to the rat. When it is used with a chemical that has a high probability of being very toxic to D. magna (LC(50)< 0.22 mg/L), the test provides considerable information if it is positive, virtually giving evidence of toxicity to the rat (with a probability of 0.83). On the other hand, a negative test (D. magna LC(50)>0.22 mg/L) has a probability of correctly assigning nontoxicity to the rat equal to 0.74. This study and results published by other authors provide good evidence of the applicability of using invertebrate tests as prescreening methods, thus considerably reducing the number of mammals required in toxicity testing. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Departamento de Estudos de Populações, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4050 Porto, Portugal. lguilher@ICBAS.up.pt Guilhermino L L Diamantino T T Silva M C MC Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Rats Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicology methods 10943470 2000 11 27 2000 12 28 2003 11 14

1210-7778 8 Suppl 2000 Jul Analytical and biological data to the environmental-toxicological behaviour of Verbutin pesticide. 61-2 Ecotoxicological characteristics of a new insecticide synergist, MBB-599 (proposed common name: Verbutin) was investigated. The studies included the determination of the hydrolysis, the biodegradability, the adsorption and desorption characteristics in soil and the effects on living systems (bacterium, alga, Daphnia, and fish) as well. Toxicological Research Center, Veszprém Szabadságpuszta, Hungary. Halász-Laky V V Szamosi-Hernádi D D Oláh B B Pap L L Gaál Z Z Károly G G Gáty S S eng Journal Article

CZECH REPUBLIC Cent Eur J Public Health 9417324 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Pesticides IM Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Bacteria drug effects growth & development Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants Fishes Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Pesticides toxicity Rats 10943471 2000 11 27 2000 12 28 2003 11 14

1210-7778 8 Suppl 2000 Jul Evaluation of a Hungarian acaricide original molecule based on its environmental toxicological studies. 62-4 The results of the environmental toxicological investigations and their results of a new hungarian acaricide molecule (SZI-121) developed by the CHINOIN were summarized. The toxicological effects of the test item on different ecotoxicological test systems were investigated in the following tests: Bacterium, alga, and plant growth inhibition tests, acute immobilization and 21 days reproduction tests on Daphnia magna, acute fish test, closed bottle test, mobility, aerob degradation and adsorption/desorption tests on three different soils. No toxic effect was found in the bacterium, alga, plant growth inhibition and acute fish tests in the highest concentrations used. In the Daphnia immobilization test 0.14 mg/l LC50 value was established in the concentration range of 0.0128-40 mg/l applied. The test item showed similar characteristics as the reference item during the mobility test in soils, the adsorption/desorption study and the degradation investigations. In order to determine the environmental degradation rate further degradation investigations, as well as the nitrogen mineralization test and the model of concentration change in natural waters were performed. Toxicological Research Centre Ltd., Veszprém, Szabadságpuszta, Hungary. Szamosi D D Oláh B B Hirka G G Pap L L Gáty S S eng Journal Article

CZECH REPUBLIC Cent Eur J Public Health 9417324 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Heterocyclic Compounds 0 Insecticides 0 flufenzine IM Acari drug effects Animals Bacteria drug effects growth & development Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants metabolism toxicity Evaluation Studies Fishes Heterocyclic Compounds metabolism toxicity Hungary Insecticides metabolism toxicity Plants drug effects growth & development 10943492 2000 11 27 2000 12 28

1210-7778 8 Suppl 2000 Jul Ecotoxicological experiences on Lemna minor test system. 96-7 Are plants generally less sensitive to toxicity than aquatic animals as indicated by some authors (1)? The use of phytotoxicity (higher plant) tests as a part of ecotoxicology is relatively underdeveloped. The objective of this study was to compare the results of the OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test with other mainly used test systems. Three toxicants were tested applying the Alga Growth Inhibition Test (Seleneastrum capricornutum), the Daphnia Immobilization Test (Daphnia magna) and the MICROTOX-test (Photobacterium phosphoreum). Duckweed plants were found to be sensitive to the chemicals tested, with nearly 100% inhibition of frond production occurring in the highest concentrations. The plants in some samples showed lesions (break up of the colony structure) and loss of green pigments (chlorosis), others showed localized dead tissues (necrosis). In addition to the morphological deviations (appearance) there is a wide range of characteristics to be observed on the test plants: number of fronds, number of plants, biomass, dry weight, mortality, CO2 and O2 exchange, concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. It is consistent that the number of fronds is slightly more sensitive than or the same as the number of plants and that the biomass tend to be somewhat more tolerant than those for the number of plants (2). Applying the simplest way of observation, changes in the frond number were recorded. As Lemna minor show a characteristical sensitivity to the different kind of chemicals, it is a promising indicator of aquatic toxicity. Toxicological Research Center Ltd., Veszprém, Hungary. Szamosi-Hernádi D D Oláh B B Gáty S S Pap L L eng Journal Article

CZECH REPUBLIC Cent Eur J Public Health 9417324 0 Pesticides IM Comparative Study Environmental Monitoring methods Pesticides toxicity Plants drug effects growth & development Toxicity Tests methods 10943493 2000 11 27 2000 12 28 2003 11 14

1210-7778 8 Suppl 2000 Jul Utilization of microbiotests to assess the contamination of water-bases. 97-9 In the present study 4 hazardous wastes originated from 4 different typical industrial activities (leachates of waste oil, waste stockpiles of aluminium factory, sewage of leather industry and of the chemical industry) were examined with several Toxkit microbiotests: the Algaltoxkit, the Protoxkit, the Daphtoxkit and the Thamnotoxkit. The data obtained with the microbiotests were compared to those obtained with the standard conventional acute toxicity tests. The goal of the study was to try out the reproducibility of the tests on the same samples, prepared in the same laboratory and provided to all the participants of the interlaboratory exercise. The first reproducibility evaluation of the tests was made with the reference toxicant potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). The outcome was that the lowest coefficients of variation were found at the Thamnotoxkit and highest with Algaltoxkit. The same findings were observed with the industrial waste samples. Different responses were obtained depending on the preparation and the character of the waste. For example, whereas a strong (and highest) toxic effect was found with the Thamnotoxkit, the algal cells in the Algaltoxkit test grew better than in the controls, when exposed to the same waste sample. The sensitivity of the Protoxkit ciliates was the lowest for all the wastes examined. In conclusion of this study, the experience gained and data obtained indicate that the Toxkit microbiotests are suited for routine monitoring after modification of some technical aspects. National Institute for Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary. Törökné A A Oláh B B Reskóné M M Báskay I I Bérciné J J eng Journal Article

CZECH REPUBLIC Cent Eur J Public Health 9417324 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Environmental Monitoring methods Larva drug effects growth & development Reproducibility of Results Tetrahymena drug effects growth & development Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10944722 2000 11 21 2001 01 11 2003 11 14

0012-4966 372 1-6 2000 May-Jun Regulation of population dynamics by pheromones in an opportunistic population of Daphnia magna (Cladocera) at a high ambient temperature. 276-8 Institute of Ecology of Natural Systems, Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia. Gainutdinov M Kh MKh Krasnoperova I A IA Loboda V I VI Yargunov V G VG Gainutdinov T M TM eng Journal Article

RUSSIA Dokl Biol Sci 7505459 0 Pheromones IM Acclimatization Animals Daphnia physiology Female Heat Pheromones physiology Population Dynamics 10948281 2000 10 19 2000 10 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 3 2000 Oct Ecotoxicity of contaminated suspended solids for filter feeders (Daphnia magna). 315-23 It is generally assumed that the dissolved fraction of a toxic substance in surface water is mainly responsible for toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, toxic compounds are often adsorbed or chemically bound to suspended particles in the water column, depending upon the physico-chemical conditions. In the present study potential adverse effects to filter feeding organisms by metal contaminated particles were investigated. In our hypotheses the adsorbed metals might desorb in the gastrointestinal tract-due to different physico-chemical conditions-and exert toxic effects. Clay and sand particles, algae and organic material (peat) were artificially contaminated with cadmium and zinc. The contaminated materials were resuspended in standard conditions and toxicity was measured for the water flea Daphnia magna (mortality at 48 hours). As a reference, supernatant solutions were used containing the same concentration of dissolved metal as the suspensions. It was also established that the test concentrations of solid material (250 and 500 mg/l uncontaminated particles) did not cause any mortality within 48 hours. Daphnids are filter feeders: they filtrate large amounts of surrounding water, redrawing particles as a food source. Results strongly indicate that contaminated particles threaten the health of these particle-feeding organisms. Compared to the reference severe acute toxic effects were seen and cadmium accumulation was increased when contaminated solid material was present. Results were essentially the same for the different materials used in the experiments, except for sand contaminated with cadmium. This shows that mineral as well as organic materials can contribute to the particle bound toxicity. Different results were obtained when a static set up was used instead of a flow through set up, illustrating that the route of administration is important to make particles available and thus to evaluate their toxicity. Contaminated particles clearly have toxic potency, not only because they are a continuous source of dissolved xenobiotics, but also because the particle bound fraction can become available within the body of particle feeding organisms. This could lead to unexpected high tissue concentrations. More insight is needed to predict the bioavailability of adsorbed pollutants. Results of this study already indicate that suspended solids should be considered as a separate compartment in risk evaluation of chemicals, effluents or natural surface waters. VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, B2400 MOL, Belgium. Weltens R R Goossens R R Van Puymbroeck S S eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Algae chemistry Animals Cadmium metabolism toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Metals metabolism toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity Zinc metabolism toxicity 10948282 2000 10 19 2000 10 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 3 2000 Oct Evaluating mosquito control pesticides for effect on target and nontarget organisms. 324-8 Recent requirements for biomonitoring of urban stormwater runoff have raised the issue of toxic contributions from mosquito control products. A comparison of seven pesticides for their toxicity to target and nontarget organisms was conducted in field and laboratory trials to determine relative impacts in and around Craighead County, Arkansas. Twenty-four and forty-eight-hour acute toxicity tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, and Pimephales promelas were employed with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) suggested procedures as standard test organisms. Additional tests with resident mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, and mosquito larvae, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, included ditch-receiving waters to compare the somewhat sterile laboratory exposures to actual field conditions. Exposure to as much as 31.4 microg/L of the pesticides Dursban(R), malathion, Permanone(R), Abate(R), Scourge(R), B.t.i, and Biomist(R) were required for effective control of An. quadrimaculatus, whereas as little as 2.7 microg/L resulted in substantial mortality of some nontarget organisms. These data suggest that prevailing application rates for effective mosquito control not only affect nontarget organisms but may also confound stormwater and nonpoint toxicity evaluations that utilize sensitive indicator species. Department of Biological Sciences and Ecotoxicology Research Facility, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467, USA. Milam C D CD Farris J L JL Wilhide J D JD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Insecticides IM Animals Anopheles physiology Cyprinidae Cyprinodontiformes Daphnia Insecticides toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Mosquito Control Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10948283 2000 10 19 2000 10 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 3 2000 Oct The toxicity of a neem insecticide to populations of culicidae and other aquatic invertebrates as assessed in in situ microcosms. 329-36 Microcosm trials were conducted with the botanical insecticide Margosan-O(R) to assess the potential hazards of the product to aquatic organisms. Laboratory chronic bioassays with water from the treated microcosms were conducted to provide an estimate of the residual effect of Margosan-O. Results from chronic tests showed Margosan-O toxicity to be greater in the laboratory exposures than in situ with Culicidae larvae exposed to the same concentrations. Residue analyses of the active ingredient, azadirachtin, determined that it had a half-life of 36 to 48 h in water exposed to natural sunlight. Two applications of Margosan-O at the recommended application rate for pests did not harm aquatic invertebrates that are categorized as planktonic and filter feeding (Culex sp. and Daphnia sp.). However, the benthic invertebrate (Chironomus riparius) was affected by multiple applications of neem. These results show that the use of Margosan-O and possibly other neem extracts in or near aquatic environments could lead to disturbances in benthic populations and may cause decreases in numbers of organisms that are important in food web and nutrient cycling processes. Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. Scott I M IM Kaushik N K NK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Glycerides 0 Insect Repellents 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Terpenes 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8002-65-1 neem oil IM Animals Chironomidae Culicidae growth & development physiology Glycerides analysis toxicity Insect Repellents analysis toxicity Insecticides, Botanical analysis toxicity Invertebrates physiology Larva Pesticide Residues analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Terpenes analysis toxicity Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10963859 2000 10 05 2000 10 05 2003 11 14

0300-483X 149 1 2000 Aug 14 The role of time in toxicology or Haber's c x t product. 35-42 It happened exactly 100 years ago that Warren established for the first time a quantitative link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's rule of inhalation toxicology. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the supposed occurrence of exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concentrated on the quantitative relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions while time took a back seat and was assigned such arbitrary, semiquantitative designations as acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was studied, it was often not under isodosic (steady state) conditions as required by theory. A recent analysis of toxicological time indicated the impact of three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/duration) in toxicological studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, benzene) or exposure frequency (methylene chloride, chloroacetic acid, HgCl(2), CdCl(2), etc.) represent the critical time scale, the general validity of the c x t=k concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicology. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias and cancer will be used to illustrate the critical conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160-7417, USA. krozman@kumc.edu Rozman K K KK eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

IRELAND Toxicology 0361055 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Hazardous Substances 1746-01-6 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 35822-46-9 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzodioxin IM Animals Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Pollutants pharmacokinetics toxicity Hazardous Substances pharmacokinetics toxicity Models, Biological Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin analogs & derivatives pharmacokinetics toxicity Time Factors Toxicology methods 19 10964227 2000 12 07 2000 12 07 2003 11 14

0962-1083 9 8 2000 Aug Microsatellite variation in Daphnia pulex from both sides of the Baltic Sea. 1075-88 Despite large genetic differentiation among neighbouring populations of many freshwater zooplankton species, a macrogeographical homogeneity of allozyme variation is generally observed. A study on breeding systems in Scandinavian populations of Daphnia pulex suggested a latitudinally related cline in breeding system with both diploid cyclic parthenogens and diploid obligate parthenogens at the latitude of 60-61 degrees N. Variation at neutral markers may be more affected by selection at linked loci in such species than in strictly sexual species. In this paper I present a study of variation at five microsatellite loci in a total of 34 populations from small ponds and rockpools on both sides of the Baltic Sea at 60-61 degrees N. Two major groups, which may represent different species of the D. pulex complex, are defined with the microsatellites. Neighbouring populations show both similar and well differentiated genetic composition. Populations separated by larger geographical distances show only a large differentiation and a macrogeographic pattern. The large differentiation observed at small distances can be explained with small effective population size: variation at the microsatellite loci has been shaped by population bottlenecks followed with expansion in size, and possibly by selection. No conclusive evidence is found for obligative parthenogenesis. Department of Conservation Biology and Genetics, EBC, Uppsala University, Sweden. Snaebjorn.Palsson@ebc.uu.se Pálsson S S eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Mol Ecol 9214478 IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia genetics Finland Linkage Disequilibrium Microsatellite Repeats Oceans and Seas Parthenogenesis Probability Reproduction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sweden Time Factors Variation (Genetics) 10985547 2000 12 11 2000 12 28 2003 11 14

889 1-2 2000 Aug 11 Fractionation and toxicity evaluation of waste waters. 149-54 Several toxicity-based procedures have been proposed for waste water risk assessment but the toxic agents could never be identified in these very complex mixtures. A procedure was adopted using disposable solid-phase extraction cartridges to extract organic chemicals and preparative HPLC to fractionate them in relation of their hydrophobicity. Acute toxicity of whole samples and their fractions was measured on Daphnia magna, using a commercially available biokit. The procedure was applied to leachate from an industrial landfill and a textile effluent. In both cases the toxic effects due to xenobiotics were highest in the most hydrophobic HPLC fraction. The compounds responsible for the observed toxicity were identified and quantified by GC-MS. Reconstructed mixtures were analysed to assess their fitting with GC profiles and tested for toxicity to compare the responses of individual chemicals and mixtures. University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Milan, Italy. silvana.galassi@unimib.it Galassi S S Benfenati E E eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS J Chromatogr A 9318488 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods Daphnia drug effects Sewage analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Textile Industry Water analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10990793 2000 10 26 2000 10 26 2003 11 14

0031-9007 84 20 2000 May 15 Stochastic resonance enhances the electrosensory information available to paddlefish for prey capture. 4773-6 Recent behavior experiments have demonstrated that paddlefish can make use of stochastic resonance while feeding on Daphnia plankton. Here we calculate the information content of the noisy Daphnia signal at the paddlefish rostrum using an exact statistical treatment of threshold stochastic resonance as a minimal neural model. These calculations compare well with experimentally obtained data on paddlefish strikes at Daphnia prey. Department of Mathematics, Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Greenwood P E PE Ward L M LM Russell D F DF Neiman A A Moss F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Phys Rev Lett 0401141 IM Animals Daphnia Electric Organ physiology Electromagnetic Fields Fishes physiology Models, Neurological Predatory Behavior physiology Stochastic Processes Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11012729 2000 11 13 2000 12 07 2003 11 14

0018-067X 85 Pt 3 2000 Sep Sex, linkage disequilibrium and patterns of parasitism in three species of cyclically parthenogenetic Daphnia (Cladocera: Crustacea). 257-65 To gain insight into genetic variation for resistance to parasites, this study assayed clonal variation in cyclically parthenogenetic Daphnia magna with respect to parasitic infection. Samples were collected from natural populations, and the allozyme phenotypes of infected hosts were compared to those of uninfected hosts. Differences between the clonal composition of the infected and uninfected class were evident in only two of 16 populations examined. This result stands in contrast to a study of species in the D. pulex and D. longispina species complexes, where clonal variation for infection was found in 12 of 25 populations (Little & Ebert, 1999). Considering all populations from both studies, associations between host genotype and infection were typically evident only in populations that showed low genotypic diversity and evidence of genetic disequilibria, with D. magna showing the least amount of disequilibria. This pattern is compatible with at least two possibly overlapping hypotheses. First, it may be that those populations lacking clonal variation for infection experienced weaker parasite-mediated selection. We can not rule out variation in selection pressure as an explanation, but found no evidence that the prevalence or intensity of parasitism differed either among species, or between those populations which showed clonal variation for infection and those that did not. Second, it could be that some populations, especially those of D. magna, have more frequent sexual recruitment than others. Sexual recombination breaks up gene combinations which are in linkage disequilibrium, and our method to detect clonal variation for resistance relies on linkage between genetic markers (allozymes) and resistance loci. Past work on Daphnia has shown that the level of sexual recruitment (which is in turn mediated by habitat permanency) is indeed commonly linked to the occurrence of genetic disequilibria. Our results may thus underestimate the prevalence of clonal variation for infection (especially for D. magna), because most of the populations analysed appeared to have high levels of sexual recruitment and therefore lacked the linkage disequilibrium that underlies associations between allozymes and susceptibility. Institut für Zoologie, Universität Basel, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland. tom.little@ed.ac.uk Little T J TJ Ebert D D eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 IM Animals Daphnia genetics parasitology Evolution, Molecular Genotype Linkage (Genetics) Linkage Disequilibrium Phenotype Reproduction Sex Factors Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 11014837 2000 11 13 2000 11 13 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 5 2000 Nov Simple and rapid method for the detection of early signs of toxicity in Daphnia magna straus. 553-9 University of Baghdad, College of Education for Women, Jadiriah, Post Office Box 47281, Baghdad, Iraq. Al-Omar M A MA Hassan N A NA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Herbicides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Herbicides toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11021309 2000 10 16 2000 10 16 2003 11 14

0034-7744 47 4 1999 Dec [Toxic effect of DDT, chlordane and water from the Ignacio Ramírez dam (Mexico), on Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Daphnidae)] 681-90 Chlorodiphenylnitrichloroethane (DDT) and chlordane (CLO) are currently used in Mexico to control malaria and termites. From 1990 to 1996 a total of 27 ton of DDT and 508 of CLO were imported. We establish a methodology to determine their environmental impact in a Mexican dam (Ignacio Ramírez). The toxic effect of DDT and CLO were evaluated on the o-demethylase (OD) and acethycholinesterase activities (AchA) of the cladoceran Daphnia magna exposed to different concentrations of the insecticides solved in water from three sites. Their effect on the AchA and OD activities, and so the CL50 were used as exposure bioindicators to determine the more polluted sites. The physicochemical characteristics of water and the biodiversity of the dam test sites were considered. The station near the floodgate has toxicity potential because enzymatic activities were modified. We suggest the use of AchA and OD activities measure in the cladoceran to evaluate the toxicity of a water body polluted by organochlorate insecticides. Depto de Toxicología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, México, D.F. ltabche@bios.encb.ipn.mx Martínez-Tabche L L Romero Solís M M López López E E Galar Martínez M M spa Journal Article Efecto tóxico del DDT, clordano y agua de la presa Ignacio Ramírez (México), sobre Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Daphnidae).

COSTA RICA Rev Biol Trop 0404267 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 12789-03-6 Chlordan 50-29-3 DDT EC 1.- Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase metabolism Animals Chlordan toxicity DDT toxicity Daphnia drug effects enzymology English Abstract Fresh Water Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Mexico Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11023697 2000 12 12 2000 12 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 47 2 2000 Oct Comparison of four chronic toxicity tests using algae, bacteria, and invertebrates assessed with sixteen chemicals. 186-94 The performances of four chronic toxicity tests, comprising the Daphnia magna 21-day (d) (crustacean), Brachionus calyciflorus 2-d (rotifer), Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 72-h (green algae), and the Microtox chronic 22-h (bacteria) tests, were compared. Sixteen chemicals with toxicity covering 6 orders of magnitude were studied. Very high correlations were found between the NOEC/EC(10) Pseudokirchneriella 72-h, NOEC/EC(10) Brachionus 2-d, and the NOEC Daphnia 21-d tests. The toxicological response of rotifers and microalgae were within the same order of magnitude as the response of Daphnia in 80% of cases (13/16 chemicals). The Microtox chronic test also anticipated the overall results of the Daphnia 21-d test, but the prediction was rather imprecise, compared with microalgae and rotifers. The test measuring the algal growth inhibition of P. subcapitata after 72h was the most sensitive bioassay. Toxicity on microalgae after 72h could be estimated after 5h by measuring either the direct fluorescence of either photosynthetic pigments or fluorescein diacetate in 56 and 43% of cases, respectively. The median value of the ratio between EC(10) and EC(50) was 3.75, 2, and 1.5 with the algae, the rotifers, and the bacteria, respectively. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Centre des Sciences de l' Environnement, UFR Sciences, EBSE rue Delestraint, Metz, 57070, France. Radix P P Léonard M M Papantoniou C C Roman G G Saouter E E Gallotti-Schmitt S S Thiébaud H H Vasseur P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Algae, Green drug effects Algorithms Animals Bacteria drug effects Cell Division drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Invertebrates physiology Lethal Dose 50 Luminescence Rotifera Species Specificity Toxicity Tests Vibrio physiology 11031304 2000 11 20 2000 12 07 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 4 2000 Nov Toxicity and bioavailability of copper herbicides (Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate) to freshwater animals. 445-51 In designing aquatic herbicides containing copper, an important goal is to maximize efficacy for target species while minimizing risks for nontarget species. To have a margin of safety for nontarget species, the concentration, duration of exposure (i.e., uptake), and form (i.e., species) of copper used for herbicidal properties should not elicit adverse effects on populations of nontarget species. To determine the potential for risk or adverse effects (conversely the margin of safety), data regarding the comparative toxicity of copper-containing herbicides are crucial. A series of comparative toxicity experiments was conducted, including baseline estimates of toxicity (LC50s, LOECs), sensitive species relationships (thresholds and exposure-response slopes), and bioavailability of toxic concentrations and forms of copper 7 days after initial herbicide application. Aqueous 48-h toxicity experiments were performed to contrast responses of Daphnia magna Strauss, Hyalella azteca Saussure, Chironomus tentans Fabricius, and Pimephales promelas Rafinesque to copper herbicides: Clearigate(R), Cutrine(R)-Plus, and copper sulfate. D. magna was the most sensitive aquatic animal tested for all three herbicides; 48-h LC50s for organisms exposed to Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate were 29.4, 11.3, and 18. 9 microg Cu/L, respectively. In terms of potency (calculated from the linearized portion of the exposure-response curves, which included 50% mortality), D. magna was the most sensitive animal tested. Organisms exposed to Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate had exposure-response slopes of 2.55, 8.61, and 5.07% mortality/microg Cu/L, respectively. Bioavailability of Clearigate and Cutrine-Plus was determined by comparing survival data (LC50s) of test organisms exposed to herbicide concentrations during the first and last 48-h of a 7-day exposure period. Even in these relatively simplified water-only exposures, a transformation of copper to less bioavailable species over time was observed with a 100-200% decrease in toxicity (i.e., an increase in 48-h LC50s) for all four test animals. This series of laboratory experiments provides a worst-case scenario for determining the risk associated with the manufacturer's recommended application rates of Clearigate (100-1,000 microg Cu/L), Cutrine-Plus (200-1,000 microg Cu/L), and copper sulfate (100-500 microg Cu/L) in natural waters for four nontarget freshwater animals. Department of Environmental Toxicology, P.O. Box 709, 509 Westinghouse Road, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina 29670, USA. Mastin B J BJ Rodgers J H JH Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Amino Alcohols 0 Clearigate 0 Ethanolamines 0 Herbicides 0 Organometallic Compounds 141-43-5 Ethanolamine 66555-33-7 cutrine-plus 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate IM Amino Alcohols pharmacokinetics toxicity Animals Biological Availability Chironomidae drug effects metabolism Comparative Study Copper Sulfate pharmacokinetics toxicity Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia drug effects metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ethanolamine pharmacokinetics toxicity Ethanolamines Fresh Water Herbicides pharmacokinetics toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Organometallic Compounds pharmacokinetics toxicity 11052533 2001 02 02 2001 05 03 2003 11 14

0962-8452 267 1455 2000 Sep 22 Molecular systematics of European Hyalodaphnia: the role of contemporary hybridization in ancient species. 1833-42 We examined phylogenetic relationships among Daphnia using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from the small subunit ribosomal RNA (12S), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and nuclear DNA sequences from the first and second internal transcribed spacer representing 1612 base positions. Phylogenetic analyses using several species of the three main Daphnia subgenera, Ctenodaphnia, Hyalodaphnia and Daphnia, revealed that the Hyalodaphnia are a monophyletic sister group of the Daphnia. Most Hyalodaphnia species occur on one continent, whereas only three are found in North America and Europe. Endemicity of species is associated with variation in thermal tolerance and habitat differentiation. Although many species of the Hyalodaphnia are known to hybridize in nature, mtDNA divergence is relatively high ca. 9%) compared to other hybridizing arthropods (ca. 3%). Reproductive isolation in Daphnia seems to evolve significantly slower than genetic isolation. We related these findings to what is known about the ecology and genetics of Daphnia in order to better understand the evolutionary diversification of lineages. The relationship of these data to phylogenetic patterns is discussed in the context of speciation processes in Daphnia. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Limnology, Vieuwersluis. k.schwenk@zoology.uni-frankfurt.de Schwenk K K Posada D D Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 DNA, Ribosomal Spacer 0 RNA, Ribosomal 0 RNA, ribosomal, 12S EC 1.9.3.1 Electron Transport Complex IV IM Animals Base Sequence DNA, Mitochondrial genetics DNA, Ribosomal Spacer genetics Daphnia classification genetics physiology Electron Transport Complex IV genetics Hybridization, Genetic Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Ribosomal genetics Sequence Analysis, DNA Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 11057688 2000 11 02 2000 11 09 2003 11 14

0045-6535 41 10 2000 Nov Toxicity and detoxification of Swedish detergents and softener products. 1611-20 Detergents and softeners are used in large quantities and some of their ingredients are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. In the present study the acute toxicity to Daphnia magna was determined for 26 detergents and five softener Swedish products. Only one of the detergents had a 48-h EC50 > 100 mg/l. The 48-h EC50 for the other 25 detergents ranged from 4 to 85 mg/l. The 48-h EC50 for the five softeners ranged from 15 to 166 mg/l. Detoxification tests, with and without inoculum of sewage organisms, showed that all tested products were detoxified to some extent after 16 days and that the rate of detoxification was considerably higher with addition of sewage organisms. Toxicity to D. magna of the detergents and softeners, and the biotic detoxification rate was correlated with the concentration of surfactants used in formulating the products (more surfactants increased toxicity and a slower rate of detoxification). These results emphasize the importance of biological purification of domestic wastewater containing detergents and a suggested development of less toxic and more easily degradable surfactants. Department of Applied Environmental Science, University of Göteborg, Sweden. Pettersson A A Adamsson M M Dave G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Detergents 0 Surface-Active Agents IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Detergents administration & dosage toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Metabolic Detoxication, Drug Sewage microbiology Surface-Active Agents toxicity Sweden 11057690 2000 11 02 2000 11 09 2003 11 14

0045-6535 41 10 2000 Nov Ecotoxicological evaluation of pig slurry. 1629-35 Swine sewage could be source of nutrients and pollutants. This work estimates the environmental risk in nine samples from different farm treatment systems based on the evaluation of their effects in Daphnia magna acute test, and on the assessment of Cu, Zn and ammonia as main contributors. NH3 and Cu were responsible for LC50 results (1-5% of dilution). Organic compounds were quantified through several extraction methods (SPMDs, SPE and solvent extraction). A more exhaustive extraction was performed in an additional sample, which showed indole and phenol recoveries much higher than the previous ones. This method also includes PCBs (430 ppb) and fatty acids (approximately =150 ppm) quantification. CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos Madrid, Spain. torre@inia.es De la Torre A I AI Jiménez J A JA Carballo M M Fernandez C C Roset J J Muñoz M J MJ eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Indoles 0 Phenols 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia analysis toxicity Animals Copper analysis toxicity Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants analysis toxicity Indoles analysis toxicity Phenols analysis toxicity Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis toxicity Sewage chemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Swine Zinc analysis toxicity 11057695 2000 11 02 2000 11 09 2003 11 14

0045-6535 41 10 2000 Nov The acute and chronic toxicity of lanthanum to Daphnia carinata. 1669-74 The rare earth elements (REEs) are increasingly being used as trace supplements in agriculture. This study measured the acute and chronic toxicity of one REE, lanthanum (La), to Daphnia carinata. The 48-h EC50 of La to Daphnia was measured in three media of differing composition and hardness. Lanthanum was most toxic to Daphnia in soft tap water (TW) with an acute 48-h EC50 of 43 microg/l compared with 1180 microg/l in ASTM hard water (ASTM). In the third daphnid growth medium (DW), based on diluted sea water, the acute 48-h EC50 was 49 microg La/l, however, there was significant precipitation of La in this media. The chronic toxicity of La to Daphnia was measured in the DW and ASTM media. Nominal exposure concentrations were 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 microg La/l. Mortality was a more sensitive endpoint than growth or reproduction in both chronic experiments. Very little La was detected in either media after 24 h and the measured concentrations below were estimated by logarithmic mean of nominal and measured values. There was 100% mortality at concentrations > or = 80 microg La/l (400 microg/l nominal) by day six of the experiment using DW media, but no effect on survival growth or reproduction at lower concentrations. In the ASTM media, La caused significant mortality to Daphnia at concentrations > or = 39 microg/l (200 microg/l nominal), however, at least one animal survived to the end of the study at each of the tested concentrations. There was no effect of La on growth of surviving daphnids at concentrations < or = 57 microg/l (400 g/l), however, second brood clutch sizes were significantly increased at 30, 39, and 57 microg/l (100, 200, 400 g/l nominal) compared with controls. Lanthanum also caused a delayed maturation in Daphnia. Key Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. michael.barry@vu.edu.au Barry M J MJ Meehan B J BJ eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Soil Pollutants 7439-91-0 Lanthanum IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Lanthanum administration & dosage toxicity Soil Pollutants toxicity Time Factors 11075442 2001 02 06 2001 02 15 2003 11 14

0044-4529 36 3 2000 May-Jun [Coding of the chemosensory information by the nervous system in Daphnia magna and Enchytraeus albidus in the medium with high temperature] 214-8 Gaĭnutdinov M Kh MKh Iargunov V G VG Krasnoperova I A IA Varlamov V E VE Kalinnikova T B TB Loboda V I VI Petrova P B PB Gaĭnutdinov T M TM rus Journal Article Kodirovanie khemosensornoĭ informatsii nervnoĭ sistemoĭ Daphnia magna i Enchytraeus albidus v usloviiakh deĭstviia vysokoĭ temperatury sredy.

RUSSIA Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 21820250R 56-40-6 Glycine 56-86-0 Glutamic Acid 60-92-4 Cyclic AMP 61-19-8 Adenosine Monophosphate IM Adenosine Monophosphate pharmacology Animals Annelida physiology Chemoreceptors physiology Cyclic AMP pharmacology Daphnia physiology Environment Glutamic Acid pharmacology Glycine pharmacology Heat Nervous System Physiology 11083030 2001 02 12 2001 03 01 2003 11 14

1532-0456 127 2 2000 Sep Purification of vitellin from grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, generation of monoclonal antibodies, and validation for the detection of lipovitellin in Crustacea. 199-207 Much effort has been put into developing vitellogenin antibodies against a wide variety of aquatic vertebrate species to study potential estrogen or anti-estrogen endocrine disrupters. Little work has been done on endocrine disruption in aquatic invertebrates. Although some antibodies have been produced against blue crab and penaeid shrimp lipovitellin, they have only poor cross-reactivity with the important estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Vitellin was purified from eggs, monoclonal antibodies were produced using standard techniques, and hybridoma supernatants were screened by ELISA. Western blots were done using extracts from male and female grass shrimp to verify specificity of the monoclonal antibodies. Two low molecular mass bands in the range of 68-85 kD and two high molecular mass bands in the range of 190-221 kD were found. In addition to grass shrimp, several other crustacean species were screened and cross-reactivity found, including blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii), red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii ) and Daphnia magna. To further investigate the use of the antibody, we performed a chronic 6-week pyrene exposure study. We found that vitellin was upregulated in females after 6 weeks and that this may be a protective measure against lipophilic xenobiotics. Department of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC 29670, USA. eoberdo@clemson.edu Oberdörster E E Rice C D CD Irwin L K LK eng Journal Article Validation Studies

UNITED STATES Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 0 Antibodies, Monoclonal 0 Egg Proteins 0 Egg Proteins, Dietary 0 Pyrenes 129-00-0 pyrene 9088-43-1 lipovitellin IM Animals Antibodies, Monoclonal biosynthesis immunology Antibody Specificity Blotting, Western Comparative Study Cross Reactions Decapoda (Crustacea) embryology immunology Egg Proteins immunology isolation & purification metabolism Egg Proteins, Dietary analysis immunology Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Female Hybridomas immunology Male Mice Mice, Inbred Strains Ovary drug effects Pyrenes toxicity Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Up-Regulation 11091309 2000 12 01 2001 01 18 2003 11 14

0962-1083 9 11 2000 Nov Multi-locus genetic evidence for rapid ecologically based speciation in Daphnia. 1717-35 The process of speciation involves the divergence of two or more subpopulations of a parent species into independent evolutionary trajectories. To study this process in natural populations requires a detailed knowledge of the genetic and ecological characteristics of the parent species and an understanding of how its populations can lose evolutionary cohesion. The cosmopolitan and speciose genus Daphnia provides many of these features by existing in multiple freshwater habitat types, particularly permanent lakes and temporary ponds, each of which presents distinct ecological challenges. We assayed the genetic composition of 20 temporary pond populations of members of the Daphnia pulex species complex in north-western Oregon and compared them to published data on related lake and pond populations. We collected molecular genetic data from 13 allozyme loci, from six microsatellite loci, and from the control region of the mitochondrial DNA. By assaying over 400 individual Daphnia for these data, we were able to compile composite genotypes not only of individual Daphnia but of each pond population as a whole. In these ponds, we discovered two distinct genotypic constellations, one which bears resemblance to the lake-dwelling taxon D. pulicaria, and one which bears resemblance to the pond-dwelling taxon, D. pulex. Using published genetic data from these and other species as a frame of reference, we characterized 13 of these ponds as being 'pond-like', three as being 'lake-like', and four as being 'mixed'. Unlike studies performed elsewhere, however, these ponds do not exhibit high probabilities of interspecific hybridization. Over 95% of all individuals have either a lake-like or a pond-like genotype at all three genetic systems, suggesting the two forms do not represent hybridized vs. nonhybridized genotypes. Because both types can be found in the same ponds at the same time in gametic disequilibrium, we also discount the possibility that they are two extremes of a single species that is highly genetically subdivided. With these genetic data, and with supporting life-history and ecological data previously gathered on these pond populations, we conclude that the most likely description of this system is of a taxon caught in the act of speciating, with new pond-adapted populations periodically stemming from lake-adapted sources during river flooding events. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. Pfrender M E ME Spitze K K Lehman N N eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA, Mitochondrial IM Alleles Animals Base Sequence DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia classification enzymology genetics Ecosystem Evolution, Molecular Gene Frequency Genetics, Population Hybridization, Genetic Microsatellite Repeats Models, Genetic Oregon Phylogeny Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11108579 2001 03 08 2001 05 31 2003 11 14

0014-3820 54 5 2000 Oct Quantitative genetic variation in Daphnia: temporal changes in genetic architecture. 1502-9 Nonadditive genetic variation and genetic disequilibrium are two important factors that influence the evolutionary trajectory of natural populations. We assayed quantitative genetic variation in a temporary-pond-dwelling population of Daphnia pulex over a full season to examine the role of nonadditive genetic variation and genetic disequilibrium in determining the short-term evolutionary trajectory of a cyclic parthenogen. Quantitative traits were influenced by three factors: (1) clonal selection significantly changed the population mean phenotype during the course of the growing season; (2) sexual reproduction and recombination led to significant changes in life-history trait means and the levels of expressed genetic variation, implying the presence of substantial nonadditive genetic variation and genetic disequilibrium; and (3) Egg-bank effects were found to be an important component of the realized year-to-year change. Additionally, we examined the impact of genetic disequilibria induced by clonal selection on the genetic (co)variance structure with a common principal components model. Clonal selection caused significant changes in the (co)variance structure that were eliminated by a single bout of random mating, suggesting that a build-up of disequilibria was the primary source of changes in the (co)variance structure. The results of this study highlight the complexity of natural selection operating on populations that undergo alternating phases of sexual and asexual reproduction. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403, USA. pfrendem@bcc.orst.edu Pfrender M E ME Lynch M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM Animals Daphnia classification genetics growth & development Evolution Female Linkage Disequilibrium Male Recombination, Genetic Regression Analysis Reproduction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 11107851 2001 02 15 2001 02 15 2003 11 14

0031-8655 72 5 2000 Nov Influence of UV radiation on four freshwater invertebrates. 652-9 Laboratory tests confirmed a negative and variable response of the following four species to artificial UV radiation: Cypridopsis vidua, an ostracode; Chironomus riparius, a midge larvae; Hyalella azteca, an amphipod; and Daphnia magna, a daphnid. Severe damage occurred at UV-B irradiance ranging from 50 to 80% of incident summer values. Under constant exposure to UV and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) the acute lethal response was recorded at 0.3, 0.8, 0.8 and 4.9 W m-2 UV-B for D. magna, H. azteca, C. riparius and C. vidua, respectively. Sublethal UV-B damage to invertebrates included impaired movement, partial paralysis, changes in pigmentation and altered water balance (bloating). A series of UV-B, UV-A and PAR treatments, applied separately and in combination, revealed a positive role for both UV-A and PAR in slowing down UV-B damage. Mean lethal concentration values of the species typically more tolerant to UV and PAR (Cypridopsis, Chironomus) decreased conspicuously when both UV-A and PAR were eliminated. For UV-B-sensitive species (Hyalella, Daphnia) these differences were notably smaller. We suggest that this gradation of sensitivity among the tested species demonstrates potential differences in repairing mechanisms which seem to work more efficiently for ostracodes and chironomids than for amphipods and daphnids. Manipulations with a cellulose acetate filter showed that lower range UV-B (280-290 nm), produced by FS-40 lamps, may cause excessive UV damage to invertebrates. Department of Biology and Microbiology, California State University, Los Angeles, USA. Cywinska A A Crump D D Lean D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Photochem Photobiol 0376425 IM Animals Chironomidae radiation effects Crustacea radiation effects Daphnia radiation effects Decapoda (Crustacea) radiation effects Fresh Water Invertebrates radiation effects Photobiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Ultraviolet Rays adverse effects 11110205 2001 02 02 2001 02 02 2003 11 14

0272-4332 20 5 2000 Oct Ecological risks of diazinon from agricultural use in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins, California. 545-72 A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the likelihood and ecological significance of potential toxic effects of diazinon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin system. Diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide, is used in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin as a dormant spray on almonds and other tree crops, as well as for other agricultural and urban applications. Diazinon and other pesticides have been detected in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and their tributaries. Diazinon exposure was characterized based on monitoring programs conducted in 1991-94. Diazinon effects were characterized using laboratory toxicity data for 63 species, supplemented by results from field mesocosm and microcosm studies. The assessment addressed the possibility that reductions in invertebrate populations could lead to impacts on species of fish that feed on those invertebrates. The risk assessment concluded that fish in these rivers are not at risk from the direct effects of diazinon in the water. Invertebrates are at greater risk, especially in agriculturally dominated streams and drainage channels during January and February. Cladocerans--including Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, two common bioassay species--are especially sensitive to diazinon and other organophosphates and are likely to be subject to acute toxic effects in some locations at some times. Any ecological damage that may occur, however, is brief and limited to cladocerans. None of the fish species of concern depend on cladocerans as critical components of their diet. Invertebrates that are not affected by observed concentrations of diazinon (copepods, mysids, amphipods, rotifers, and insects) are preferred foods for fish in the Sacramento-San Joaquin system. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA 02571, USA. jgiddings@compuserve.com Giddings J M JM Hall L W LW Jr Solomon K R KR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Risk Anal 8109978 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Animals California Diazinon toxicity Ecosystem Fishes Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Invertebrates drug effects Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11133392 2001 01 29 2001 02 08 2003 11 14

0091-6765 108 12 2000 Dec Embryotoxicity of the alkylphenol degradation product 4-nonylphenol to the crustacean Daphnia magna. 1133-8 Laboratory studies have suggested that some alkylphenols and pesticides elicit developmental toxicity to crustaceans. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possibility that the alkylphenol degradation product 4-nonylphenol is embryotoxic to the crustacean Daphnia magna through its known ability to interfere with the metabolic elimination of testosterone. Direct exposure of maternal daphnids to testosterone caused developmental abnormalities in neonates that consisted of partial arrest of early embryonic development and abnormalities in shell spine and first antennae development. Exposure of maternal daphnids to concentrations of 4-nonylphenol also produced developmental abnormalities though the profile of abnormalities was distinct from that observed throughout the testosterone concentration-response curve. Thus, 4-nonylphenol is a developmental toxicant in daphnids, but its toxicity is not consistent with that elicited by elevated testosterone accumulation. Further experiments demonstrated that testosterone was directly toxic to developing embryos, and the maternal organism can serve as the vector for this toxicity. In contrast, neither direct embryo exposure nor early maternal exposure to 4-nonylphenol elicited embryotoxicity consistent with that observed during continuous maternal and gestational exposure. Thus, 4-nonylphenol is not directly embryotoxic at these exposure levels, but rather toxicity is mediated by maternal influences during gestation. The threshold concentration for the occurrence of developmental abnormalities ( approximately 44 microg/L) indicates that typical environmental concentrations of 4-nonylphenol pose no imminent hazard with respect to developmental toxicity. However, these effects do occur at sufficiently low levels to warrant evaluation of the relative susceptibility of other crustacean species to this previously uncharacterized mode of toxicity. Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7633, USA. GA_LeBlanc@ncsu.edu LeBlanc G A GA Mu X X Rider C V CV eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Phenols 104-40-5 4-nonylphenol IM Abnormalities, Multiple chemically induced Animals Daphnia drug effects embryology Female Larva growth & development Phenols toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Toxicity Tests 11127512 2000 12 13 2001 03 01 2003 11 14

0092-8240 62 6 2000 Nov Stochastic development of individual members of a population: a Brownian motion approach. 1003-34 The paper looks at a formulation of physiologically structured population models within which individual development is affected by a special form of demographic stochasticity, accounting for random success or failure at exploiting available resources. This frees models from the requirement that individual development is uniquely determined by physiology and environmental conditions. An expression is derived which describes the motion of cohorts through individual state space, and the results are applied to an idealized model of Daphnia feeding on algae. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K. Clother D R DR Brindley J J eng Journal Article

United States Bull Math Biol 0401404 IM Algae growth & development Algorithms Animals Birth Rate Cohort Effect Cohort Studies Daphnia physiology Feeding Behavior Models, Biological Mortality Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted Poisson Distribution Population Dynamics Stochastic Processes Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11129378 2000 12 20 2001 03 01 2003 11 14

0177-5103 43 1 2000 Oct 25 Flavobacterium psychrophilum, invasion into and shedding by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. 27-38 The infection route of Flavobacterium psychrophilum into rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was studied using bath and cohabitation challenges as well as oral challenge with live feed as a vector. Additionally, the number of bacterial cells shed by infected fish into the surrounding water was determined in the cohabitation experiment and in challenge experiments at 3 different water temperatures. The experiments showed that skin and skin mucus abrasion dramatically enhanced the invasion of F. psychrophilum into the affected fish in bath and cohabitation challenges. Disruption of the skin is discussed as an important invasion route for F. psychrophilum into the fish. The shedding rate of F. psychrophilum by infected fish was associated with water temperature and the mortality of the infected fish. High numbers of F. psychrophilum cells were released into the water by dead rainbow trout during a long time period compared to the numbers of cells shed by live fish. The results emphasise the importance of removing dead and moribund fish from rearing tanks in order to diminish the infection pressure against uninfected fish in commercial fish farms. In immunohistochemical examinations of organs and tissues of orally infected fish, F. psychrophilum cells were detected in only 1 fish out of 31 studied. Mortality of the orally challenged fish was not observed in the experiment. Institute of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Finland. jari.madetoja@abo.fi Madetoja J J Nyman P P Wiklund T T eng Journal Article

Germany Dis Aquat Organ 8807037 0 Antibodies, Bacterial IM Animals Antibodies, Bacterial chemistry Daphnia virology Disease Transmission, Horizontal veterinary Fish Diseases pathology transmission virology Flavobacterium pathogenicity Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology pathology transmission veterinary Immunohistochemistry Microscopy, Fluorescence Mucus virology Oncorhynchus mykiss Skin pathology virology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Microbiology 11133029 2000 12 29 2001 03 15 2003 11 14

0962-8452 267 1460 2000 Dec 7 Profitability of prey determines the response of population abundances to enrichment. 2397-401 Theoretical and empirical evidence in a one-predator two-prey system consistently indicates a regular trend that the less profitable (therefore, less vulnerable) prey increases in abundance with enrichment. The response in the abundance of the more profitable (more vulnerable) prey to enrichment has, however, remained unclear. Previous theoretical models have assumed the less profitable prey as inedible, though its actual profitability is unknown. Here, relaxing this assumption, we show that the response of the more profitable prey abundance to enrichment depends critically on the profitability of the less profitable prey. Specifically, the more profitable prey increases in abundance with enrichment if the profitability of the less profitable prey is lower than a critical value so that it cannot support the predator population by itself even at high densities (in this case, the prey is referred to as 'unpalatable') and decreases otherwise. This establishes a more general rule which unifies the previous works and resolves the indeterminacy on the response of the more profitable prey. Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto Univervity, Otsu, Shiga, Japan. genkai@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp Genkai-Kato M M Yamamura N N eng Journal Article

England Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 IM Algae Animals Daphnia physiology Ecosystem Models, Biological Population Dynamics Predatory Behavior Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11139176 2001 01 02 2001 02 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 47 3 2000 Nov Screening of organophosphate insecticide pollution in water by using Daphnia magna. 239-45 A simple and rapid screening method using Daphnia magna Straus (water fleas) on the basis of their immobilization was developed for detecting pesticide pollution. The laboratory testing of the toxicity of 11 organophosphate insecticides to D. magna determined 50% inhibition concentration of mobility at 48 h of exposure (48-h EC50) of 0.19 to 2.6 microg/L. The mobility of D. magna was inhibited in several river and stream waters sampled from May 1995 to February 1998 in Tokyo. Chemical analysis of the waters revealed that they were polluted by sub-ppb or ppb level of organophosphate insecticides. A significant relationship was observed between the immobilization of D. magna and the pollution level of the river and stream waters. The D. magna test could be used as a low-cost preliminary screening method for insecticide pollution. Basic Research Division, The Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, Japan. Kikuchi M M Sasaki Y Y Wakabayashi M M eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides, Organophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biological Assay methods Daphnia physiology Environmental Monitoring methods Insecticides, Organophosphate analysis toxicity Movement Sensitivity and Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 11139179 2001 01 02 2001 02 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 47 3 2000 Nov Effect of sublethal doses of cadmium on the phototactic behavior of Daphnia magna. 261-5 The effect of a sublethal concentration of cadmium (0.06 mg/ L) was tested on the phototactic behavior of a positively phototactic Daphnia magna clone. In experiments lasting 10 min, using animals that had been exposed to cadmium for 1 to 6 h, it was observed that the animals became significantly less positively phototactic after 4 h of exposure to 0.06 mg/L cadmium compared to control animals that had not been exposed to cadmium. In flow-through experiments that lasted for 6 h and during which there were repeated measurements, there was again a significant effect of cadmium exposure on the phototactic behavior of the animals. Irrespective of treatment, time had a significant effect. Results suggest that phototactic behavior can be used to detect sublethal concentrations of pollutant within a few hours, in short-term as well as in longer-lasting experiments with continuous flow-through and repeated stimulation of the animals. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, K.U. Leuven, Belgium. erik.michels@bio.kuleuven.ac.be Michels E E Semsari S S Bin C C De Meester L L eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium adverse effects Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Light Locomotion drug effects Time Factors 11139187 2001 01 02 2001 02 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 47 3 2000 Nov Toxicity of vegetable tannins on crustacea associated with alpine mosquito breeding sites. 323-32 The impact of tannins from the environmental vegetation naturally polluting Alpine mosquito breeding sites was experimentally investigated by studying the toxicity of tannic acid, a natural hydrolyzable tannin, on the nontarget crustacean fauna associated with culicine populations. Bioassays indicate that exposure to tannic acid at concentrations from 0.06 to 2.0 mM is more deleterious to Chydorus sphaericus, Diaptomus castor, and Eucypris fuscata, than to Daphnia pulex, Acanthocyclops robustus, and Eucypris virens. Histopathological investigations after treatment with tannic acid at concentrations from 0.125 to 0.500 mM reveal sequential degenerative patterns of the midgut epithelium depending on the taxon, duration of the treatment, and concentrations assayed. These differential toxic effects on Crustacea are compared with those previously observed in larval Diptera, in order to evaluate the plant tannins as potentially useful products in integrated mosquito management programs. Ecosystèmes et Changements Environnmentaux, Centre de Biologie Alpine, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France. Pautou M P MP Rey D D David J P JP Meyran J C JC eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Tannic Acid 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Crustacea Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Mosquito Control Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tannic Acid toxicity Vegetables Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11195283 2001 01 18 2001 03 08 2003 11 14

0340-7594 186 11 2000 Nov Wavelength-dependent polarization orientation in Daphnia. 1073-87 The ability to detect and use the polarization of light for orientation is widespread among invertebrates. Among terrestrial insects, the retinula cells that are responsible for polarization detection contain a single visual pigment, either ultraviolet or short (blue) wavelength sensitive. With the exception of a few aquatic insects, the visual pigments underlying polarization sensitivity in aquatic invertebrates have yet to be determined. Here we report that polarotaxis in Daphnia pulex, a freshwater crustacean, is wavelength dependent and most likely mediated by two visual pigments with absorbance maxima in the middle (green) and long wavelength (red) parts of the spectrum. This contrasts with the response of a closely related species, D. magna, in which polarotaxis is wavelength independent and based on a single middle wavelength visual pigment. The visual systems in Daphnia are the first among crustaceans shown to utilize a middle wavelength pigment for polarization detection and, in the case of D. pulex, the first shown to use more than one visual pigment for such a purpose. Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, Storebø, Norway. inovales@hotmail.com Novales Flamarique I I Browman H I HI eng Journal Article

Germany J Comp Physiol [A] 8413199 0 Retinal Pigments IM Animals Crustacea physiology Light Motor Activity physiology radiation effects Orientation physiology Retinal Pigments physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Swimming 11080342 2001 01 26 2001 05 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 66 1 2001 Jan Acute and sublethal toxicity of thallium to aquatic organisms. 94-101 BC Research Inc., 3650 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6S 2L2. Pickard J J Yang R R Duncan B B McDevitt C A CA Eickhoff C C eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-28-0 Thallium IM Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003 Feb;70(2):408 12545378 Animals Biological Assay methods Daphnia drug effects physiology Lethal Dose 50 Oncorhynchus mykiss physiology Reproduction drug effects Survival Analysis Thallium administration & dosage toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11202742 2001 02 01 2001 03 01 2003 11 14

0269-7491 111 3 2001 An integrative assessment of a watershed impacted by abandoned mined land discharges. 377-88 The Ely Creek watershed in Lee County, VA, USA, contains an abundance of abandoned mined land areas with acid mine drainage (AMD) that contaminate the majority of the creek and its confluence into Stone Creek. Acidic pH measurements ranged from 2.73 to 5.2 at several stations throughout the watershed. Sediments had high concentrations of iron (approximately 10,000 mg kg-1), aluminum (approximately 1,500 mg kg-1), magnesium (approximately 400 mg kg-1) and manganese (approximately 150 mg kg-1), and habitat was partially to non-supporting at half of the stations due to sedimentation. Benthic macroinvertebrate surveys at six of 20 stations sampled in the watershed yielded no macroinvertebrates, while eight others had total abundances of only one to nine organisms. Four reference stations contained > or = 100 organisms and at least 13 different taxa. Asian clam in situ toxicity testing supported field survey results. Laboratory, 10-day survival/impairment sediments tests with Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans and 48-h water column bioassays with Ceriodaphnia dubia indicated environmental stress to a lesser degree. Ten parameters that were directly influenced by AMD through physical, chemical, ecological and toxicological endpoints were assimilated into an ecotoxicological rating (ETR) to form a score of 0-100 points for the 20 sampling stations, and the lower the score the greater the AMD stress. Twelve of the 15 sampling stations influenced by AMD received an ETR score of 13.75-57.5, which were categorized as severely stressed (i.e. comprised the < 60 percentile category) and worthy of the highest priority for future ecological restoration activities in the watershed. Biology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. dcherry@vt.edu Cherry D S DS Currie R J RJ Soucek D J DJ Latimer H A HA Trent G C GC eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Acids 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Acids analysis toxicity Animals Chironomidae drug effects growth & development Clams drug effects growth & development Daphnia drug effects growth & development Ecosystem Environment Environmental Monitoring methods Invertebrates drug effects growth & development Metals, Heavy analysis toxicity Mining Sensitivity and Specificity Soil Pollutants analysis Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Survival Analysis Virginia Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 11202502 2001 02 01 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

0869-2092 63 6 2000 Nov-Dec [Characteristics of effects of acetylene amino alcohols M-cholinoreceptor blockers on the dopaminergic system in Daphnia magna] 15-7 Haloperidol and dimethpromide exhibit the properties of dopamine antagonists in the experiments on Daphnia magna Straus (Crustaceae family). Haloperidol, in contrast to dimethpromide, does not significantly influence the toxic effect of apomorphine. It is suggested that acetylene aminoalcohol derivatives are selective ligands for one of the subtypes of dopamine receptors. Institute of Toxicology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Bekhtereva 1, St. Petersburg, 193019 Russia. Kosmachev A B AB Tonkopiĭ V D VD Podosinovikova N P NP Zagrebin A O AO Evdokimova E A EA Libman N M NM Petrov V V VV Dolgo-Saburov V B VB rus Journal Article Osobennosti mekhanizma deĭstviia m-kholinoblokatorov iz gruppy atsetilenovykh aminospirtov na dofaminergicheskuiu sistemu Daphnia magna.

Russia Eksp Klin Farmakol 9215981 0 Amino Alcohols 0 Dopamine Antagonists 0 Ligands 0 Muscarinic Antagonists 51-61-6 Dopamine 52-86-8 Haloperidol 58-00-4 Apomorphine 63-75-2 Arecoline 74-86-2 Acetylene IM Acetylene analogs & derivatives pharmacology Amino Alcohols pharmacology Animals Apomorphine toxicity Arecoline toxicity Daphnia Dopamine metabolism toxicity Dopamine Antagonists toxicity Drug Antagonism English Abstract Haloperidol toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Ligands Muscarinic Antagonists pharmacology 11202711 2001 02 02 2001 06 28 2003 11 14

0269-7491 111 1 2001 Fate and effect of monoalkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants in the aquatic environment. 169-75 The effect of the alkyl chain of quaternary ammonium-based surfactants on their aquatic toxicity and aerobic biodegradability has been studied. Two families of monoalkylquats surfactants were selected: alkyl trimethyl ammonium and alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium halides. Acute toxicity tests on Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum were carried out and EC50 values in the range of 0.1-1 mg/l were obtained for the two series of cationic surfactants. Although the substitution of a benzyl group for a methyl group increases the toxicity, an incremental difference in toxicity between homologs of different chain length were not observed. Biodegradability of the different homologs was determined not only in standard conditions but also in coastal water, both tests yielding similar results. An increase in the alkyl chain length or the substitution of a benzyl group for a methyl group reduces the biodegradation rate. The degradation of these compounds in coastal waters was associated with an increase in bacterioplankton density, suggesting that the degradation takes place because the compound is used as a growth substrate. Department of Surfactant Technology, IIQAB (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. mtgbet@iiqab.csic.es García M T MT Ribosa I I Guindulain T T Sánchez-Leal J J Vives-Rego J J eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Cations 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biodegradation Cations Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollution prevention & control Flow Cytometry Photobacterium drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents chemistry toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11217217 2001 02 19 2001 05 24 2003 11 14

1081-1710 25 2 2000 Dec Influence of nymphal Anax imperator (Odonata: Aeshnidae) on oviposition by the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera: Culicidae) and community structure in temporary pools. 190-202 We assessed the overall (consumptive plus non-consumptive) and non-consumptive effects of nymphal Anax imperator (Aeshnidae: Odonata) on experimental pool communities by comparing three treatments: (1) control (no Anax); (2) free Anax (Anax was not constrained); and (3) caged Anax (Anax, enclosed within a cage, could not consume prey outside the cages, but could possibly influence them via perceived risk of predation). Fewer egg rafts of the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata were found in the free Anax treatment compared to the other two treatments. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of egg rafts between control and caged Anax pools. Thus, while Culiseta females apparently oviposit fewer egg rafts in the presence of unconstrained Anax, they did not respond to predation risk from the caged Anax. Larval Culiseta densities were drastically reduced by free Anax; there was nearly a 100% reduction in the number reaching metamorphosis (pupae) and a 100% reduction in emergence (pupal exuviae). There were no significant treatment effects on densities of crustaceans, Daphnia magna and Heterocypris sp., or on chironomid pupal exuviae. Ceratopogonid pupal abundance was higher in free Anax pools than in the other two treatments toward the end of the experiment. Free Anax caused a trophic cascade, presumably by strongly reducing the dominant periphyton grazer, Culiseta larvae; periphyton mass was greater in the free Anax treatment than in the control. However, there was no behavioral trophic cascade, i.e., no difference in periphyton abundance between the control and caged Anax treatment. Center of Biological Control, Department of Biology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel. Stav G G Blaustein L L Margalit Y Y eng Journal Article

United States J Vector Ecol 9512496 IM Animals Culicidae physiology Insects physiology Nymph physiology Oviposition Predatory Behavior Risk Factors Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11178654 2001 02 22 2001 05 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 66 3 2001 Mar Acute and chronic toxicity of Potassium Chloride (KCl) and Potassium Acetate (KC(2)H(3)O(2)) to Daphnia similis and Ceriodaphnia dubia (Crustacea; Cladocera). 379-85 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Utz L R LR Bohrer M B MB eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 127-08-2 Potassium Acetate 7447-40-7 Potassium Chloride IM Animals Crustacea Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Potassium Acetate toxicity Potassium Chloride toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11161678 2001 02 22 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 48 1 2001 Jan Determination of wastewater LC50 of the different process stages of the textile industry. 56-61 Textile plants are very important sources of toxic discharges. The purpose of the research described in this paper was to use bioassays with daphnids to determine the LC50 values of textile wastewater samples taken from different stages of the finishing textile industry. Toxicity due to dyeing, chlorination, and the absence of adequate physicochemical conditions for daphnid survival were considered. Wastewater samples corresponding to each process stage were collected at five finishing textile industries and assayed according to previously published procedures. The sensitivity of daphnids to chemicals was assayed using sodium dodecyl sulfate and was similar to other reports (14.6+/-6.8 vs 14.5+/-2.3 mg/L). All effluents from the five company samples were toxic in terms of LC50 and exhibited very high toxicity with acute toxicity unit (ATU) levels between 2.2 and 960, indicating that the five textile industries produced toxic water. The sensory characteristics indicated that the dyes contributed to overall sample toxicity at all process stages. The most toxic contaminant seemed to be ClO- at levels between 0.2 and 6.8 mg/L, suggesting that further research is needed on the economic costs of stage-by-stage and total effluent treatments. Laboratorio de Toxicología, IMSS, Puebla Pue, México. avillega@puebla.podernet.com.mx Villegas-Navarro A A Ramírez-M Y Y Salvador-S M S MS Gallardo J M JM eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Dyes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Animals Chlorine toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Dyes toxicity Environmental Monitoring methods Lethal Dose 50 Textile Industry Toxicity Tests Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11161680 2001 02 22 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 48 1 2001 Jan Acute toxicity of locust insecticides to two indigenous invertebrates from Sahelian temporary ponds. 66-75 During desert locust plagues large amounts of insecticides are used for control operations. Drift from these treatments and accidental overspraying may contaminate small surface waters such as temporary ponds. The present study describes methods for static acute toxicity tests with two abundant organisms that occur in temporary ponds in the African Sahel region: the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sudanicus Daday (Branchiopoda, Anostraca, Streptocephalidae) and the backswimmer Anisops sardeus Herrich-Schåffer (Hemiptera, Notonectidae). The organisms were captured in the field and 48-h static toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory. The assays were used to screen the toxicity of 11 formulated synthetic insecticides used in desert locust control and of spores of the mycopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum. Most of the synthetic insecticides tested were highly toxic to both organisms (LC50 or EC50<1 mg/L). Exceptions were the toxicity of diflubenzuron to A. sardeus (moderately toxic: 1<LC50<10 mg/L), and that of fenitrothion (moderately toxic) and malathion (slightly toxic: 10<EC50<100 mg/L) to S. sudanicus. M. anisopliae var. acridum was moderately toxic to S. sudanicus and only slightly toxic to A. sardeus. EC50 values of the insecticides for S. sudanicus were not significantly correlated with L(E)C50 values for Daphnia magna collected from the literature. For A. sardeus a significant correlation with D. magna was found, but even in this data set the two species had widely differing sensitivities to some insecticides. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Project GCP/SEN/041/NET (LOCUSTOX), Dakar, Senegal. joost.lahr@wxs.nl Lahr J J Badji A A Marquenie S S Schuiling E E Ndour K B KB Diallo A O AO Everts J W JW eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Decapoda (Crustacea) drug effects physiology Environmental Exposure Hemiptera drug effects physiology Insect Control Insecticides toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Population Dynamics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11180270 2001 02 22 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

0260-437X 20 6 2000 Nov-Dec Development of batch injection analysis for electrochemical measurements of trace metal ions in ecotoxicological test media. 477-81 Batch injection analysis with square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry has been developed as a powerful and rapid technique for obtaining data on the concentration of the fraction of labile metal ions present in media used in ecotoxicological tests. Microlitre samples of solution, without pretreatment, are injected directly over a detector electrode, the surface of which is protected by a thin Nafion polymer coating against irreversible adsorption by organic components. Examples are given showing the effect of adding vitamins and organic extract, singly and together, to the ASTM medium employed for tests using Daphnia magna and with lead and cadmium test ions. Such a methodology can be extended to other electroactive species present in these and similar media. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Departamento de Química, Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal. brett@ci.uc.pt Brett C M CM Morgado J M JM eng Journal Article

England J Appl Toxicol 8109495 0 Culture Media 0 Metals, Heavy 7439-92-1 Lead 7439-97-6 Mercury 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Culture Media Daphnia drug effects growth & development Electrochemistry instrumentation methods Flow Injection Analysis instrumentation methods Lead analysis toxicity Mercury analysis toxicity Metals, Heavy analysis toxicity Oxygen analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods 11171305 2001 02 22 2001 06 28 2003 11 14

0022-0949 204 Pt 3 2001 Feb Prey-capture behavior in gymnotid electric fish: motion analysis and effects of water conductivity. 543-57 Animals can actively influence the content and quality of sensory information they acquire from the environment through the positioning of peripheral sensory surfaces. This study investigated receptor surface positioning during prey-capture behavior in weakly electric gymnotiform fish of the genus Apteronotus. Infrared video techniques and three-dimensional model-based tracking methods were used to provide quantitative information on body position and conformation as black ghost (A. albifrons) and brown ghost (A. leptorhynchus) knifefish hunted for prey (Daphnia magna) in the dark. We found that detection distance depends on the electrical conductivity of the surrounding water. Best performance was observed at low water conductivity (2.8 cm mean detection distance and 2 % miss rate at 35 microS cm(-)(1), A. albifrons) and poorest performance at high conductivity (1.5 cm mean detection distance and 11 % miss rate at 600 microS cm(-)(1), A. albifrons). The observed conductivity-dependence implies that nonvisual prey detection in Apteronotus is likely to be dominated by the electrosense over the range of water conductivities experienced by the animal in its natural environment. This result provides the first evidence for the involvement of electrosensory cues in the prey-capture behavior of gymnotids, but it leaves open the possibility that both the high-frequency (tuberous) and low-frequency (ampullary) electroreceptors may contribute. We describe an electrosensory orienting response to prey, whereby the fish rolls its body following detection to bring the prey above the dorsum. This orienting response and the spatial distribution of prey at the time of detection highlight the importance of the dorsal surface of the trunk for electrosensory signal acquisition. Finally, quantitative analysis of fish motion demonstrates that Apteronotus can adapt its trajectory to account for post-detection motion of the prey, suggesting that it uses a closed-loop adaptive tracking strategy, rather than an open-loop ballistic strike strategy, to intercept the prey. The Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. MacIver M A MA Sharabash N M NM Nelson M E ME eng R01MH49242 MH NIMH Journal Article

England J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Behavior, Animal physiology Electrostatics Locomotion physiology Receptors, Sensory physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 11181890 2001 02 22 2001 03 15 2003 11 14

0022-3565 296 3 2001 Mar The role of time as a quantifiable variable of toxicity and the experimental conditions when Haber's c x t product can be observed: implications for therapeutics. 663-8 One hundred years ago, Warren established for the first time a quantitative link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century, many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's Rule of inhalation toxicology. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the observed deviations from it, which were unfortunately called exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concentrated on the quantitative relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions, while time was assigned such arbitrary, semiquantitative designations as acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was examined, it was often not done under isodosic (steady-state) conditions. A recent analysis of time as a variable of toxicity indicated the existence of at least three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/duration) in toxicological studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins, chloroacetic acid), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, soman, sarin, tabun), exposure frequency (methylene chloride), or other experimental design-related conditions (HgCl(2), CdCl(2)) represent the critical time scale, the general validity of the c x t = k concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicology. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias, and cancer will be used to illustrate the critical conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. The relevance of this theory to the pharmacologic action of chemicals and its implication for the therapeutic index are also discussed. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7417, USA. krozman@kumc.edu Rozman K K KK Doull J J eng Journal Article

United States J Pharmacol Exp Ther 0376362 0 Acetic Acids 0 Teratogens 1746-01-6 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 35822-46-9 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzodioxin 75-09-2 Methylene Chloride 79-11-8 chloroacetic acid IM Acetic Acids toxicity Administration, Inhalation Animals Half-Life Human Inhalation Exposure adverse effects Kinetics Male Methylene Chloride toxicity Models, Biological Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Teratogens toxicity Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin analogs & derivatives toxicity Time Factors Toxicology methods 11158717 2001 02 22 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

1096-6080 59 2 2001 Feb Fitness parameters and DNA effects are sensitive indicators of copper-induced toxicity in Daphnia magna. 241-50 This study compared the effects occurring at molecular and population levels in Daphnia magna exposed to copper concentrations in the range of 15-120 microg/l. The qualitative and quantitative modifications arising in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles as a measure of DNA effects were compared with a number of key ecological fitness parameters, namely, the age-specific survival, age-specific fecundity, net reproductive rate, and intrinsic rate of population increase. Results suggested that growth, reproduction, and most of the fitness parameters as well as genomic template stability (a qualitative measure reflecting changes in RAPD profiles) were significantly affected at copper concentrations of 90 and 120 microg/l. Among the fitness parameters, the age-specific fecundity and net reproductive rate were the most sensitive parameters of toxicity. Changes in RAPD patterns generally occurred at copper concentrations of 90 and 120 microg/l, but with one primer, changes significantly arose at all copper concentrations. Overall, molecular and population parameters compared well and represented a sensitive means to measure toxicity induced by copper in Daphnia magna. In conclusion, the measurement of parameters at both molecular and population levels is valuable for investigating the specific effects of agents interacting with DNA. Ultimately, this methodology may allow the ecotoxicological examination of the link between molecular alterations and measurable adverse effects at higher levels of biological organization. Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth Environmental Research Centre (PERC), University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK. fatienzar@free.fr Atienzar F A FA Cheung V V VV Jha A N AN Depledge M H MH eng Journal Article

United States Toxicol Sci 9805461 7440-50-8 Copper 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Comparative Study Copper toxicity DNA analysis drug effects Daphnia drug effects genetics growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Genomics Lethal Dose 50 Population Dynamics Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11272912 2001 03 01 2001 05 17

0045-6535 42 8 2001 Mar Prediction of partition coefficient and toxicity for benzaldehyde compounds by their capacity factors and various molecular descriptors. 899-907 The log Kow and log Sw values of 14 substituted benzaldehyde compounds were determined by the shake-flask method. Acute toxicities of 14 substituted benzaldehyde compounds to Daphnia magna were recorded. Their capacity factors (k') were determined by reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on C18 column and methanol-water eluent. Molecular connectivity indices, the linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) parameters, and quantum chemical parameters were calculated for the tested chemicals and used to develop quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) and quantitative structure-property/activity relationship (QSPR/QSAR). Results demonstrated that the molecular connectivity indices, LSER parameters, and quantum chemical parameters could be used to predict the k' for compounds studied, LSER method was more accurate. The results also show that chromatographic retention data, log k', can be used to predict log Kow and log Sw for tested compounds. The log k'w can be directly utilized as hydrophobic descriptors to predict the toxicity to D. Magna for benzaldehyde compounds. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. jiayindai@online.sh.cn Dai J J Jin L L Yao S S Wang L L eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Benzaldehydes 0 Xenobiotics IM Benzaldehydes chemistry toxicity Forecasting Models, Theoretical Quantum Theory Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Xenobiotics chemistry toxicity 11222031 2001 03 06 2001 05 03 2003 11 14

0147-6513 48 3 2001 Mar The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing V. In vivo alterations in the carbohydrate metabolism of Daphnia magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of mercury and lindane. 223-34 Aspects of the carbohydrate metabolism of Daphnia magna exposed for 48 and 96 h to sublethal concentrations of mercury and lindane were investigated. General as well as toxicant-specific perturbations in the intermediary metabolism were observed. Both model toxicants caused an increase in glycolytic and hexose-monophosphate shunt activity. Mercury exposure increased lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate activity (only after 96 h), while lindane exposure, on the contrary, inhibited the cellular lactate formation and increased the Krebs' cycle activity (only after 48 h). Daphnids exposed to sublethal mercury concentrations clearly exhibited increased glycogenolytic activity, while in lindane-exposed organisms mainly glycogen phosphorylase inhibition was detected. The short-term enzyme-based effect levels (48--96 h LOEC and EC(10) values) were compared with the effects on the population dynamics. This evaluation for both model toxicants suggests that threshold levels (LOEC or EC(10) values) based on pyruvate kinase activity after 48 and 96 h of exposure could be potential early warning signals for long-term effects. A set of enzymatic endpoints, based on the intermediary metabolism, is suggested to characterize the metabolic state of the daphnids. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution, University of Ghent, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. decoen@ruca.ua.ac.be De Coen W M WM Janssen C R CR Segner H H eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Biological Markers 0 Carbohydrates 0 Pesticides 58-89-9 Lindane 7487-94-7 Mercuric Chloride IM Animals Biological Markers Carbohydrates metabolism Citric Acid Cycle drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects enzymology growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Energy Metabolism drug effects Glycolysis drug effects Lindane toxicity Mercuric Chloride toxicity Pentosephosphate Pathway drug effects Pesticides toxicity Population Dynamics Toxicity Tests 11222039 2001 03 06 2001 05 03 2003 11 14

0147-6513 48 3 2001 Mar Long-term toxic impact of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the reproduction, sexual differentiation, and development of different life stages of Gobiocypris rarus and Daphnia magna. 293-300 The sexual ratio of Gobiocypris rarus exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 17 beta-estradiol from embryo to sexually mature revealed feminization and overdevelopment of connective tissue in male fish gonad in 2--30 pg/L TCDD concentration range. Daphnia magna was not sensitive to the high dose of TCDD (0.1--1000 ng/ml), but the reproduction of D. magna treated with TCDD decreased after the 8th day. 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities in newly fertilized eggs of G. rarus exposed to TCDD dosage groups (1000--100,000 pg/L) were significantly induced and increased with TCDD concentrations at the early life stage, while no difference was found between low TCDD dosage groups (<100 pg/L), but a good relationship between the EROD activity and the TCDD concentration was observed during a long-term developmental stage. There was a pericardial edema formed in a 2-week yolk-sac at the concentration of 1000 pg/L TCDD. But in the exposure group (2 pg/L TCDD for 120 days), the cell nuclei of hepatocytes was far from the center and packed toward the cell membrane; the cristae of most mitochondria in the cell dropped and collapsed; the rough endoplasmic reticulum broke into fragments; and numerous lipid droplets formed in the cell. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China. wuwz@ihb.ac.cn Wu W Z WZ Li W W Xu Y Y Wang J W JW eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Environmental Pollutants 1746-01-6 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 50-28-2 Estradiol EC 1.14.14.1 Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 IM Animals Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 biosynthesis Daphnia drug effects metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects embryology Environmental Pollutants toxicity Enzyme Induction Estradiol toxicity Female Fishes Hepatocytes drug effects ultrastructure Life Cycle Stages drug effects Male Reproduction drug effects Sex Differentiation drug effects Sex Ratio Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Testis drug effects pathology Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin pharmacokinetics toxicity 11241962 2001